ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the nephrotoxicity of increasing doses of omeprazole on the renal blood vessels by the use of an animal model
Study design: Randomized control trial
Materials and Methods: A total of 45 albino wister rats were procured from the Veterinary University Lahore. The animals were randomly divided into three groups, a control group [n=15] that was given distilled water, 2nd group [n=15] was given omeprazole per oral at a dose of 0.3mg/Kg BD and the 3rd group [n=15] was feed with omeprazole at a dose of 0.6 mg/Kg BD. None of the rats died during the study. The animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks of drug administration and the kidneys were dissected out. Histopathology was done to evaluate the slides under the light microscope for glomerular congestion and atrophy, and congestion of blood vessels and haemorrhage in the interstitium. Judgment standards set were either absence or presence of these parameters
Results: None of the rats in the control group [n=15] showed any evidence of injury to the kidneys. While in group 2 [n=15] who were given 0.3mg/Kg 60% [n=9] showed glomerular congestion [P value < 0.0001] while glomerular atrophy was noted in 13.33% [n=2]. [P< 0.0001]. Group 3 were given 0.6mg/Kg equivalent to dose of 40mg omeprazole BD of 70 Kg of human. This group showed glomerular congestion in 86.67% [n=13] [P< 0.0001] while glomerular atrophy was noted in 26.67% [n=4]. [P< 0.0001].Histopathology of the interstitium also showed an increasing tendency of injury as the dose of the omeprazole is increased. In group 2 The injury to interstitium was observed in 33.33 % [n=5] [P= P< 0.0001] while in group 3 it was observed in 53.33% [n= 8][P= P< 0.0001]
Conclusion: It was observed that omeprazole has toxic effects in the blood vessels of the kidney as shown by the glomerular congestion and atrophy along with the hemorrhage and congestion of the renal interstitium. The incidence of these toxic effects increases as the dose of the drug is increased
ABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, having high morbidity and mortality
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the demographic features of tuberculous lymphadenitis
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Amir Clinical Laboratories Chiniot from 1[st] February, 2013 to 15[th] April, 2014. All of the 127 patients who presented with the complaint of cough, fever and clinical finding of cervical lymph node enlargement were included in this study. They were diagnosed having tuberculosis with the help of clinical examination and laboratory investigations. They were managed according to the standard protocol. FNAC was performed. The cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis were evaluated according to the age and gender groups. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version11
Results: A total of 127 patients having cough, fever and enlarged lymph node were included and it was found that 85 [67%] were having Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis on FNAC. It was found that 29[34%] belonged to < Rs.10000 monthly income, 43[51%] belonged to Rs.11000- 20000 monthly and 13[15%] belonged to
Conclusion: The frequency of tuberculous lymphadenitis is more in age group of 1- 10 years and 11-20 years. In each group the frequency of males being affected is relatively more
ABSTRACT
To determine the risk factors contributing to the chance of perforation in acute appendicitis. Prospective study. This Study was conducted at Allied Hospital Faisalabad from October 2011 to February 2013. All of the 200 patients who were admitted with the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis were included in this study. They were managed according to the standard protocol. Appendecectomy was performed. The cases of perforated appendix were evaluated. it was found that 27 of these 200 patients had perforated appendix with the frequency of 13.5 %. 37.03 % patients were in the age group of 56-70 years with the males being 74%. The percentage of the patients who presented with the delay of 72 hours was 62%. The complication of appendicular perforation in cases of acute appendicitis depends upon delay in presentation to the hospital. Male gender and late age factors also contribute to the increased frequency
ABSTRACT
To determine the risk of preterm birth in anemic pregnant females. Retrospective study. This study was conducted at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National Hospital Sargodha from January 201 1 to March 2012. A retrospective study was done on 220 women who attended the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of National Hospital Sargodha for antenatal evaluation. Record of all the patients was examined. Among these 220 pregnant women, 84 were admitted with the complaint of preterm labor. The admitted patients were assessed according to ACOG criteria. They were managed according to the standard protocol. Their Hb level was determined. Gestational age was calculated and preterm pregnancy was confirmed by scan. There were 84 women who admitted with the complaint of preterm labor. Out of these, 31[36.9%] were in true labor and delivered. Rest of them was in threatened labor and managed accordingly. Among these women who were admitted with preterm labor, 46 were anemic. Associated maternal risk factors and pregnancy complication were also determined. It is concluded from this study that preterm labor associated with preterm birth is more prevalent in anemic pregnant females
ABSTRACT
To determine the risk of preterm birth in younger pregnant females. Retrospective study. This study was carried out at the Obst. and Gynae National Hospital Sargodha from September 2011 to December 2011. All of the 76 women who were admitted with preterm labor were included in the study. They were assessed according to ACOG criteria. The admitted patients were managed according to the standard protocol. Gestational age was calculated and preterm pregnancy was confirmed by scan. Associated maternal risk factors and pregnancy complications were also evaluated. There were 76 women who admitted with the complaint of preterm labor. Out of these, 29 [38%] were in true labor and delivered. Rest of them was in threatened labor and managed accordingly. 69.7 % of the women who delivered as preterm were in the age group of 15 -25 years. Associated maternal risk factors and pregnancy complication were also determined. It is concluded from this study that preterm labor associated with preterm birth is more prevalent in younger pregnant females