ABSTRACT
Phenylethyl Resorcinol (PR)is a cosmeceutical skin lightening agent and the purpose of this study was to enhance its stability by using liposomal cream formulation which increases local efficacy and safety.Liposome formulation was prepared by modified ethanol injection method, and it contained soy phosphatidyl choline (SPC), cholesterol (CHO), Tween 80 (TW80) and deoxycholic acid (DA) mixed with 2% PR. The physicochemical properties, skin permeation as well as cellular study were evaluated in order to obtain the optimized formulation. The optimized liposome formulation composed of SPC:TW80:DA (84:16:2.5)and exhibited vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of 286.4±8.04 nm, 0.317±0.03 and -39.20±3.85 mV, respectively. Entrapment efficiency (EE) of liposome formulation was 93.55±0.05%. The vesicle was spherical in shape and showed good physicochemical stability for 4 months. The skin permeation study demonstrated that liposome with a negative charge could result in a high PR skin deposition value of 1732.76±216.24 μg/cm2after 24 h. Cellular study showed that liposome formulation could inhibit melanin content in B16 melanoma cells and enhance cell viability in HaCaT keratinocyte cells. The optimized PR liposome was incorporated in cream and investigated physicochemical properties, stability and skin permeation.Liposomal PR cream showed a good stability and a superior result than PR cream in skin permeation parameters, as well as in tyrosinase inhibition
ABSTRACT
Using herbs as an insecticide or pesticide is well known in traditional agriculture. They are biodegradable and also friendly to environment. However, developing of commercial product from herbal plants was limited due to degradation of active ingredients, the variation of active content and there is no standard procedure for quality control. In this research, crude extracts of tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum Linn., Solanaceae) containing nicotine as an active ingredient were studied for developing as concentrated emulsion preparation. Crude tobacco extracts from 95% ethanol were obtained as a brown syrupy mass with strong odors and 19.55% yield. One of the active ingredients, nicotine was selected to be used as a marker in suitable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system in this study. The tobacco extract was stable under acid, base and heat conditions. Therefore, it was selected for further development as a concentrated emulsion formulation. The concentrated emulsion of tobacco extract composed of 10% w/w nicotine was prepared by combining fixed oil (palm oil), emulsifiers (Tween and Span), giving a more physically stable product. Under room temperature and 70 % RH for 6 month, the overall of % amount of nicotine in the product still remained in acceptable level. In the next step, the product was studied in the field with various dilution ratios of water to find out a suitable concentration of product using in agriculture field. It showed that all of the exhausted died and the plants trials are still green and not burned when the dilution is 100 time of its product.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop sunscreen cream formulations with high sun protection factor (SPF) and satisfied characteristics. The actives were anisotriazine (an organic UV filter) and titanium dioxide (an inorganic UV filter). Two optimal cream bases selected from several preliminary formulations were prepared and incorporated with both actives in the legislated concentrations via emulsification process. The samples were determined for in vitro SPF, physical appearance, pH, and viscosity. Moreover, the sunscreen creams were compared for SPF with those of their counterparts containing either anisotriazine or titanium dioxide at the identical concentrations. The stability was studied under freeze-thaw condition. The results indicated that synergistic efficacy on SPF of sunscreen combination was confirmed. The intrinsic properties of cream bases, especially viscosity, affected the SPF of the final products.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate phase behaviors, to study effects of cosolvent addition on size of microemulsion regions and to propose modified logistic regression which could describe microemulsion regions in nonionic systems. The systems composed of rice bran oil (RBO) or isopropyl palmitate (IPP), various ratios of sorbitan monooleate (SMO) and polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate (PSMO) mixtures, water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or propylene glycol (PG) were studied for their microemulsion regions obtained on the phase diagrams. Concept of modified logistic regression was used to predict probability of microemulsion formation and size of microemulsion regions in the systems. It was found that both oil and cosolvent types affected on microemulsion formation. A system composed of IPP, 2:1 water:IPA, and 1:1 SMO:PSMO could provide the largest microemulsion region. However, the purposed modified logistic regression could be used consistently for only one system of the total four systems due to the faceted shape of microemulsion-zone.
ABSTRACT
The eyelids are the thinnest skin in the body, leading to be easy for the blood vessels to show through the skin caused a swollen and dark appearance called puffy eyes. Placing refrigerated damp tea bags on the eyelids has been believed for a long time that it can reduce the puffy eyes due to the vasoconstriction of caffeine. This study aimed to characterize physicochemical properties and to determine in vivo efficacy in reducing puffy eyes of the prepared caffeine gels. The formulation composed of 3% caffeine, 2% ethanol, 0.3% Uniphen® P-23, 7.5% propylene glycol, 0.5% Carbopol® Ultrez-21 and water to 100% was selected for eye irritation test and efficacy evaluation since it possessed good characteristics and provided sustained skin permeation. The 34 volunteers (18 women, 16 men) who easily developed puffy eyes after going to bed without sleep and with no irritation to caffeine gel as well as its gel base were treated with the gels in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The skin permeation profiles showed that all caffeine gels allowed caffeine to permeate through the newborn pig skin. However, the overall efficacy of the selected caffeine gel in reducing puffy eyes was not significantly different from that of its gel base. It could be concluded that the cooling effect of the hydrophilic gels was the main parameter in reduction of eye puffiness rather than the vasoconstriction of caffeine.