Evaluation of golden proportion between maxillary anterior teeth

Objective: The study has been made to scrutinize the occurrence of Golden proportion between maxillary anterior teeth in a group of Pakistani population

Study Design: Cross sectional study

Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conducted at the Oral Biology Department at Dr. IshratulEbad Khan Institute of Oral Health Science Dow University for a period of 6 months from August 2014 to January 2015. Materials and Methods: This study comprised 500 volunteers of satisfactory aesthetics, out of which 394 were females and 105 were males between 21 to 30 years of age.First the impression of the subjects was taken with Alginate and cast was made with hard plaster. This was followed by measuring the width of maxillary anterior teeth of both quadrants at the mesio-distal contact point using a Digital caliper. Next, the Golden proportion for all subjects was calculated by multiplying the width of the larger factor by 62% and compared with the width of the smaller factor for proportion to be evaluated

Results: The data highlighted the statistical significant result in the ratio of Golden proportions depending upon gender. 11.2% of the samples have the width of their central incisors in golden proportion to the width of their lateral incisors.9.6% of the subjects had the width of their lateral incisors in golden proportion to the width of their canines. Age showed no significantdifference

Conclusion: It is not always correct to assert that golden proportion exists between widths of maxillary anterior teeth in a subject of Pakistanipopulation

Locating MB2 canal in maxillary first molars with magnification: in vitro study

To determine the ability of locating the second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary first molars with magnification [dental loupes 3.5x]. This was a Cross sectional study. 300 freshly extracted maxillary first molars were stored in 1% thymol solution for 1 week. Rhomboidal access cavities were prepared in these teeth and chamber cleared to look for canals first with naked eye and then with dental loupes [x3.5]. If MB2 was detected two periapical radiographs were exposed with files in MB andMB2 canals. The data was analyzed using chi squared test on SPSS version 10. In 77 out of 300 extracted teethMB2 canal was located with naked eye and with the use of dental loupes the number of located canals increased to 265. There was a statistically significant difference between the two methods of identification of MB2 canals [p value <0.005]. Use of magnification increases the number of MB2 canals located in maxillary first molars compared to those located with naked eye examination alone in vitro

Micro-organisms in recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an inflammatory disease of oral mucosa with unknown etiology. Many factors contribute in the pathogenesis of aphthae including stress, trauma, foods, allergy, hormonal and microbial factors. It has been observed by Hoover CI [1986] that microorganisms are the causative factor in the pathogenesis of aphthous ulcer. This study was conducted with the aim to observe presence or absence of gram positive and gram negative microorganism in the smears of the lesions compared with the scraping of controls. An Analytical cross-sectional study. It was carried out in Dental Out Patient Department of Shaikh Zayed Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. For a period of Six months First 60 subjects with active RAS during last six months were recruited for the study. Age and gender matched 60 subjects without ulcer during last six months were selected on the same day as control group. After taking informed consent, smears from RAS patients and scrapings from matched surfaces of the oralmucosa of controls was taken. Gram +ve and Gram -ve cocci and bacilli were the microorganisms frequently found in the smears of RAS subjects and Gram +ve cocci were observed in the scrapings of Controls. Presence of microorganisms in ulcers suggested that there is superimposed bacterial infection in these lesions

Causes of dental extractions in a teaching hospital: a retrospective study

Objectives: the aim of the study was to examine the reasons for dental extraction and to determine the pattern of extractions in patients seeking care at the Dr. Ishrat ul Ibad Institute of Oral Health Sciences [DIKIOHS] over a period of 5 months

Methods: a cross-sectional study on 1300 patients aged between 4-80yrs was conducted at the Oral Biology Department of DIKIOHS. Information regarding the patients age, sex, type of tooth extracted and reason for extraction was recorded. Results were compiled and analyzed using SPSS version 15

Results: total 1300 study cases with 1705 extractions were evaluated. Out of the total 594 [45.69%] were females while 706 were males [54.3%] with 780 and 925 extractions respectively. The most common reason for tooth extraction for both genders was caries. The total population was divided into 3 age groups, 4 - 20 yrs, 20 - 40 yrs and 40 - 80 yrs. The number of extractions in each group was 240, 807 and 658 respectively. Hence the age group with the most frequent number of tooth extractions was 20 - 40 years. The most common type of extracted tooth in the study population was tooth number 36 [mandibular permanent left first molar] and the least common was tooth number 81 [mandibular deciduous right central incisor]

Conclusion: the most common reason for extraction in the present study was found to be dental caries. The age group with the most extractions was between 20 - 40 years which indicates that awareness regarding oral hygiene needs to be improved in young adults

Anthropometric and metabolic indicators in hypertensive patients

To determine the relationship between anthropometric variables with blood glucose and lipid concentrations in different stages of hypertension and evaluate the risk factors involved in progression of pre-hypertension stage in to clinical hypertension stage-1. Case-control study. National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and General Practitioner's Clinics, Karachi, from 2005 to 2007. The study was conducted on 276 participants aged 25-65 years and classified into four categories of control, prehypertension [pre-HTN], hypertension [HTN] stage I and II, according to 7th JNC report. Anthropometric measurements and blood chemistry were obtained. The relationship between obesity indices [Body Mass Index [BMI], Waist Circumference [WC], Waist Hip Ratio [WHpR], Waist Height Ratio [WHtR], Basal Metabolic Rate [BMR] and Cardiovascular Disease [CVD] risk factors [blood pressure, serum lipids and glucose levels]] were investigated. The analysis of variance and test of Pearson's coefficient correlation were applied to assess relationship of all the variables. The mean WHR had significant correlation with both systolic and diastolic BP in all groups of HTN, as well as with blood glucose level in control and pre-HTN groups. BMI was positively correlated with cholesterol [r=0.29] and triglyceride [r=0.25] in HTN stage-1. Impaired and high blood glucose levels were found in pre-HTN group; all lipid parameters except triglycerides were higher in HTN stage I. WHR was positively and independently related to occurrence of arterial hypertension. Elevated levels of WHR, BMI, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides were responsible for progression of pre-HTN stage in to HTN stage-1