Quantifying the duration of the preclinical detectable phase in cancer screening: a systematic review / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES@#The aim of this study was to provide an overview of published mathematical estimation approaches to quantify the duration of the preclinical detectable phase (PCDP) using data from cancer screening programs. @*METHODS@#A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was conducted for original studies presenting mathematical approaches using screening data. The studies were categorized by mathematical approach, data source, and assumptions made. Furthermore, estimates of the duration of the PCDP of breast and colorectal cancer were reported per study population. @*RESULTS@#From 689 publications, 34 estimation methods were included. Five distinct types of mathematical estimation approaches were identified: prevalence-to-incidence ratio (n=8), maximum likelihood estimation (n=16), expectation-maximization algorithm (n=1), regression of observed on expected (n=6) and Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo estimation (n=5). Fourteen studies used data from both screened and unscreened populations, whereas 19 studies included only information from a screened population. Estimates of the duration of the PCDP varied between 2 years and 7 years for breast cancer in the Health Insurance Plan study (annual mammography and clinical breast examinations in women aged 40-64 years) and 2 years and 5 years for colorectal cancer in the Calvados study (a guaiac fecal occult blood test in men and women aged 45-74 years). @*CONCLUSIONS@#Different types of mathematical approaches lead to different estimates of the PCDP duration. We advise researchers to use the method that matches the data available, and to use multiple methods for estimation when possible, since no method is perfect.

Proteolytic and lipolytic potential of Pseudomonas spp. from goat and bovine raw milk / Potencial proteolítico e lipolítico de espécies de Pseudomonas do leite cru caprino e bovino

Pseudomonas, the main genus of gram-negative microorganisms isolated from milk, is psychrotrophic, biofilm-forming, and thermo-resistant deteriorating enzyme producers. The aim of this study was to quantify Pseudomonas spp. in goat's and cow's milk produced in the Paraná state, Brazil, to evaluate the deteriorating activity of the isolates at mesophilic and psychrotrophic conditions and to identify, at the species level, the isolates with alkaline metalloprotease (aprX gene) production potential. Microbiological, biochemical and molecular methods were used for isolating, confirming and identifying of isolates. The mean counts were 1.6 (±6.3)x104 and 0.89(±3)x102 CFU/mL for goat and bovine milk samples, respectively, immediately after milking. Of the Pseudomonas colonies isolated from goat milk (n=60), 91.7% showed proteolytic potential when incubated at 35°C/48 h and 80% at 7°C/10 days, and lipolytic potential was observed in 95% of the isolates incubated in mesophilic and 78.3% at refrigeration conditions. From the isolates of bovine milk (n=20), 35% showed proteolytic activity only when incubated at 35°C/48 h, and lipolytic potential was observed in 25% of the isolates incubated at 7°C/10d and 35°C/48h. It was observed that 83.3% and 25% of the isolates genetically confirmed as Pseudomonas spp. of goat and bovine milk showed the potential for alkaline metalloprotease production, with the species P. azotoformans, P. koreensis, P. gessardii, P. monteilii and P. lurida being the most frequent in goat milk and P. aeruginosa the only species identified in cow milk.(AU)

Pseudomonas é o principal gênero de micro-organismos Gram negativos isolados do leite, são psicrotróficos, formadores de biofilmes e produtores de enzimas deteriorantes termodúricas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar Pseudomonas spp. no leite de cabras e vacas produzido no estado do Paraná, Brasil, avaliar a atividade deteriorante em temperatura mesofílica e psicrotrófica e identificar, em nível de espécie, os isolados com potencial de produção de metaloprotease alcalina (geneaprX). Foram utilizados métodos microbiológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares para isolamento, confirmação e identificação dos isolados. As contagens médias foram de 1,6 (±6,3) x 104 e 0,9 (±3) x 102 UFC/mL para as amostras de leite caprino e bovino, respectivamente. Dos isolados de Pseudomonas do leite de cabra (n=60), 91,7% demonstraram potencial proteolítico quando incubadas a 35°C/48h e 80% a 7°C/10dias e lipolíticos em 95% dos isolados incubados em mesofilia e em 78,3% dos incubados em temperatura de refrigeração. Dos isolados do leite bovino (n=20), foi verificada atividade proteolítica de 35% apenas quando incubadas a 35°C/48h e lipolítica em 25% dos isolados incubados a 7°C/10d e 35°C/48h. Foi observado que 83,3% e 25% dos isolados confirmados geneticamente como Pseudomonas spp. do leite caprino e bovino, respectivamente, apresentaram o potencial de produção de metaloprotease alcalina, sendo as espécies P. azotoformans, P. koreensis, P. gessardii, P. monteilii e P. lurida as mais frequentes no leite de cabras e P. aeruginosa a única identificada do leite de vacas.(AU)

Fish assemblages along a morphodynamic continuum on three tropical beaches

A comparative study involving three mesotidal beaches from reflective to estuarine states was conducted between October 2010 and September 2011 in the estuary of Mamanguape River, northeastern Brazil. The aim was to test for differences in fish assemblages along a morphodynamic continuum, particularly the effects of wave action. In total, 3,732 fish from 71 species were examined; Rhinosardinia bahiensis and Atherinella brasiliensis dominated the estuarine beach, whereas Trachinotus carolinus dominated the reflective beach. Fish assemblages were structured by spatial differences among the sites, and overall abundance, richness and biomass demonstrated a clear increasing trend from the reflective to the estuarine beaches, indicating a primary influence of wave exposure in the measured parameters. The Mamanguape River estuary plays a crucial ecological role as a nursery for several species that depend on its resources and have adapted to the high variability of its physical and chemical factors and the diversity of its habitats. Um estudo comparativo envolvendo três praias mesotidais do estado refletivo para o estuarino foi realizado entre outubro de 2010 e setembro de 2011 no estuário do rio Mamanguape, Nordeste do Brasil. O objetivo foi testar as diferenças nas assembleias de peixes ao longo de um continuum morfodinâmico, particularmente os efeitos da ação das ondas. No total, 3.732 peixes de 71 espécies foram examinados; Rhinosardinia bahiensis e Atherinella brasiliensis dominaram a praia estuarina, enquanto Trachinotus carolinus dominou a praia refletiva. As assembleias de peixes foram estruturadas por diferenças espaciais entre locais de amostragem, e a abundância total, riqueza e biomassa demonstraram uma clara tendência crescente da praia refletiva à praia estuarina, indicando uma influência primária de exposição às ondas nos parâmetros medidos. O estuário do rio Mamanguape desempenha um papel ecológico importante como um berçário para várias espécies que dependem de seus recursos e se adaptaram à alta variabilidade de seus fatores físico-químicos e da diversidade de seus habitats.

Cellulolytic potential of a novel strain of Paenibacillus sp. isolated from the armored catfish Parotocinclus maculicauda gut

A cellulolytic bacterial strain, designated P118, isolated from the gut of the tropical fish Parotocinclus maculicauda was identified as belonging to the genus Paenibacillus based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The novel strain was Gram-positive, spore-forming and rod-shaped. Catalase but not oxidase was produced. Carboxymethylcellulose was hydrolyzed but starch or gelatin was not. Acetoin production was negative whereas nitrate reduction and urease production were positive. Many carbohydrates served as carbon sources for growth. MK-7 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone. Anteiso-C15:0 (38.73 percent) and C16:0 (20.85 percent) were the dominant cellular fatty acids. Strain P118 was closely related to Paenibacillus amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290, P. pabuli HSCC 492, P. tundrae Ab10b, P. xylanexedens B22a, and P. tylopili MK2 with 98.3-98.8 percent 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The results presented here suggest that strain P118 represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus and it is a potential strain for further studies concerning its role in the production of industrially important products from cellulosic biomass.

Pressão arterial após programa de exercício físico supervisionado em mulheres idosas hipertensas / Blood pressure after supervised physical exercise program in elderly women with hypertension

INTRODUÇÃO: A população de idosos tem elevado os índices de doenças crônicas como hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) com prevalência em mulheres. Intervenções não farmacológicas, como o exercício físico, são apontadas pela eficácia na diminuição da pressão arterial (PA). OBJETIVO: Verificar a resposta da pressão arterial de idosas hipertensas nos distintos momentos de um programa de exercício físico supervisionado (PEFS). MÉTODOS: Constituiu-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal realizado durante 18 semanas. Participaram 41 mulheres idosas com HAS, em tratamento farmacológico, distribuídas em grupo experimental (GE) (n = 26) que participou da intervenção, e grupo controle (GC) (n = 15), em dois momentos: pré e pós-PEFS. O IMC, a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram avaliados no início e após 18 semanas de PEFS no GE e GC. A comparação intra e intergrupos foi feita com o teste t pareado e ANOVA two way com Kruskal Wallis, com nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: O GE (68,7 ± 8,4 anos, IMC = 27,23 ± 4,73) e o GC (67,3 ± 6,3 anos, IMC = 26,13 ± 4,36), com prevalência de sobrepeso em todos os grupos, sem diferença significativa pós-PEFS. Observou-se uma correlação entre o IMC e a PAS (r = 0,456; p = 0,01) e entre a PAS e a PAD (r = 0,380; p = 0,01). A semelhança inicial entre os grupos foi alterada pelo PEFS no GE, permanecendo no GC. A comparação intergrupos mostrou diferenças da PAS (p = 0,000) e da PAD (p = 0,005) pré e pós-PEFS e intragrupos, no GE com reduções da PAS (Δ = 9,61mmHg, p = 0,000) e da PAD (Δ = 1,54mmHg, p = 0,043) pós-PEFS, o que não ocorreu no GC. CONCLUSÃO: O programa de exercício físico supervisionado exerceu papel importante como modelo terapêutico não medicamentoso na resposta hipotensiva observada.

INTRODUCTION: The elderly population has increased the levels of chronic diseases such as hypertension (HBP) with prevalence in women. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as exercise, have been indicated by the effectiveness in lowering blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the blood pressure response in elderly hypertensive women in the different moments of a supervised physical exercise program (SPEP). METHODS: It consisted of a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out for 18 weeks. 41 elderly women with hypertension, under pharmacological treatment, distributed in the experimental group (EG) (n=26) which participated in the intervention, and control group (CG) (n=15) in two stages: before and after SPEP. BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated at baseline and after 18 weeks of SPEP in the EG and CG. The intra and inter comparison was made with the paired t test and two-way ANOVA with Kruskal Wallis test, with a significance level of p <0.05. RESULTS: The EG (68.7 ± 8.4 years, BMI = 27.23 ± 4.73) and CG (67.3 ± 6.3 years, BMI = 26.13 ± 4.36), with a prevalence of overweight in all groups, without significant difference after SPEP. There was a correlation between BMI and SBP (r = 0.456, p = 0.01) and between SBP and DBP (r = 0.380, p = 0.01). The initial similarity between the groups was changed by SPEP in EG, remaining in the CG. Intergroup comparison showed differences in SBP (p = 0.000) and DBP (p = 0.005) before and after SPEP and intragroup, with reductions in SBP (Δ = 9.61 mmHg, p = 0.000) and DBP (Δ = 1.54 mmHg, p = 0.043) after SPEP, which did not occur in the CG. CONCLUSION: The supervised physical exercise program exerted an important model of non-drug treatment in the hypotensive response observed.

Características da oclusão e prevalência de más oclusões em crianças atendidas na Universidade Federal de Goiás / Characteristics of the occlusion and prevalence of malocclusion in children treated at the Federal University of Goiás

Objetivo: Avaliar as características da oclusão e a prevalência das más oclusões em crianças atendidas na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Material e Método: Foram avaliados 116 modelos de estudo de crianças entre 4 e 12 anos de idade atendidas no período entre janeiro de 2007 e julho de 2010. Os modelos foram avaliados por um único examinador, analisando a faixa etária, gênero, trespasse horizontal e vertical, relação transversal posterior e as relações de caninos e de molares. As informações coletadas foram submetidas à análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: A prevalência de más oclusões na amostra foi de 88,8%, sendo mais frequente nas meninas. A relação de caninos em normoclusão bilateral (57,76%) e a relação dos molares em Classe I (38,79%) foram mais frequentes. A condição normal do trespasse vertical e horizontal foi mais prevalente. No entanto, o trespasse horizontal aumentado esteve presente em 26,72% da amostra e a mordida aberta anterior em 21,5%. A mordida cruzada posterior esteve presente em 37,93% das crianças. Conclusões: A maioria das crianças atendidas apresentou algum tipo de má oclusão. No entanto, quando as características avaliadas foram consideradas isoladamente, prevaleceram as condições de normalidade.

Aim: To evaluate the characteristics of occlusion and the prevalence of malocclusion in children treated at the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás. Material and Method: It was evaluated 116 dental casts of children between 4 and 12-yearold treated in the period between January 2007 and July 2010. The casts were evaluated by an only examiner, examining age, gender, overjet and overbite, posterior transverse relationship and the relations of canines and molars. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion in the sample was 88.8%, being more common in girls. The bilateral canines normo-occlusion (57.76%) and the molars Class I (38.79%) were more frequent. The assessments of overjet and overbite showed a higher prevalence of normal conditions. However, the increased overjet was present in 26.72% of the sample and anterior open bite in 21.5%. The posterior crossbite was present in 37.93% of children. Conclusions: Most children attended had some type of malocclusion. However, when the characteristics were considered separately, the normal conditions showed prevalent.

Survival of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in soil under different moisture levels

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito da umidade do solo na sobrevivência de três espécies de bactérias diazotróficas (Azospirillum amazonense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus e Azospirillum brasilense). O teor de umidade apresentou pouca influência na sobrevivência de A. brasilense, considerada uma espécie cosmopolita, enquanto A. amazonense e G. diazotrophicus, consideradas endofíticas, aumentaram o período de culturabilidade na presença de umidade no solo. Os resultados demonstram que o teor de umidade do solo possui maior influência nas espécies endofíticas, em comparação às espécies associativas.

O impacto de estratégias de ventilação mecânica que minimizam o atelectrauma em um modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda / The impact of mechanical ventilation strategies that minimize atelectrauma in an experimental model of acute lung injury

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se estratégias ventilatórias que buscam a estabilização alveolar e a prevenção do atelectrauma estão associadas a desfechos fisiológicos mais favoráveis em um modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda combinada. MÉTODOS: Trinta e nove coelhos foram instrumentados e ventilados com uma fração inspirada de oxigênio (FiO2) de 1,0. A lesão pulmonar foi induzida pela infusão venosa de lipopolissacarídeo de E. coli e por repetidas lavagens traqueais com solução salina. Os animais foram randomizados a receber ventilação mecânica convencional com volume corrente de 10 ml/kg, pressão expiratória final (PEEP) de 4 cm H2O; ventilação mecânica convencional com surfactante (Infasurf, 3 mg/kg, ET); ventilação líquida parcial (18 ml/kg de perflubron, ET); ou ventilação oscilatória de alta freqüência, com pressão média de via aérea de 14 cm H2O e freqüência de 10 Hz. Animais sadios submetidos a instrumentação e ventilação convencional serviram como controles. Os grupos ventilação mecânica convencional com surfactante, ventilação líquida parcial e controle foram ventilados com parâmetros idênticos ao grupo ventilação mecânica convencional. Os animais foram estudados por 4 horas, durante as quais gasometrias arteriais foram obtidas a cada 30 minutos. Após o sacrifício, os pulmões foram retirados para graduação de lesão através de um escore de dano histológico e dosagem de 4-hidroxi-nonenal, um marcador de peroxidação lipídica. RESULTADOS: A ventilação mecânica convencional resultou em hipoxemia e lesão pulmonar significativa. Animais tratados com ventilação líquida parcial, ventilação oscilatória de alta freqüência ou ventilação mecânica convencional com surfactante apresentaram oxigenação adequada, mas a ventilação mecânica convencional com surfactante resultou em escores de lesão pulmonar mais elevados e maior dano oxidativo. CONCLUSÕES: Estratégias que minimizam o atelectrauma (ventilação mecânica convencional e ventilação oscilatória de alta freqüência) estão associadas a oxigenação adequada e atenuação da lesão pulmonar. A reposição de surfactante melhora a oxigenação em comparação com a ventilação mecânica convencional, mas resulta em lesão pulmonar aumentada, presumivelmente porque o PEEP inadequadamente baixo foi insuficiente para estabilizar os alvéolos durante a expiração.

Significance of schistosomal granuloma modulation

Hepatic Schistosoma mansoni periovular granulomas undergo changes in size, cellular composition and appearance with time. This phenomenom, known as "immunological modulation", has been thought to reflect host immunological status. However, as modulation has not been observed outside the liver, participation of local factors, hitherto little considered, seems crucial. Components of the extracellular matrix of periovular granulomas of the mouse were particularly studied in three different organs (liver, lung and intestine) and during three periods of infection time (acute, intermediate and chronic) by means of histological, biochemical and imunofluorescence techniques, while quantitative data were evaluated by computerized morphometry, in order to investigate participation of local factors in granuloma modulation. Results confirmed modulation as a exclusively hepatic phenomenom, since pulmonary and intestinal granulomas, formed around mature eggs, did not change size and appearance with time. The matricial components which were investigated (Type I, III and IV collagens, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycans and elastin) were found in all granulomas and in all organs examined. However, their presence was much more prominent in the liver. Elastin was only found in hepatic granulomas of chronic infection. The large amount of extracellular matrix components found in hepatic granulomas was the main change responsible for the morphological aspects of modulation. Therefore, the peculiar environment of the liver ultimately determines the changes identified in schistosomal granuloma as "modulation".

Pathology of the spleen in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Morphometric evaluation and extracellular matrix changes

Histological, ultrastructural, morphometric and immunohistochemical data obtained from the study of spleens removed by splenectomy from 34 patients with advanced hepatosplenic schistosomiasis revealed that the main alterations were congestive dilatation of the venous sinuses and diffuse thickening of the splenic cords. Splenic cord thickening was due to an increase of its matrix components, especially type IV collagen and laminin, with the conspicuous absence of interstitial collagens, either of type I or type III. Deposition of interstitial collagens (types I and III) occurred in scattered, small focal areas of the red pulp, but in the outside of the walls of the venous sinuses, in lymph follicles, marginal zone, in the vicinity of fibrous trabeculae and in sidero-sclerotic nodules. However, fibrosis was not a prominent change in schistosomal splenomegaly and thus the designation "fibro-congestive splenomegaly" seems inadequate. Lymph follicles exhibited variable degrees of atrophy, hyperplasia and fibrous replacement, sometimes all of them seen in different follicles of the same spleen and even in the same examined section. Changes in white pulp did not seem to greatly contribute to increasing spleen size and weight, when compared to the much more significant red pulp enlargement

Myofibroblasts in schistosomal portal fibrosis of man

Myofibroblasts, cells with intermediate features between smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, have been described as an important cellular component of schistosomal portal fibrosis. The origin, distribution and fate of myofibroblats were investigated by means of light, fluorescent, immunoenzymatic and ultrastrutural techniques in wedge liver biopsies from 68 patients with the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis. Results demonstrated that the presence of myofibroblasts varied considerably from case to case and was always related to smooth muscle cell dispersion, which occurred around medium-sized damaged portal vein branches. By sequential observation of several cases, it was evident that myofibroblasts derived by differentiation of vascular smooth muscle and gradually tended to disappear, some of them further differentiating into fibroblasts. Thus, in schistosomal pipestem fibrosis myofibroblasts appear as transient cells, focally accumulated around damaged portal vein branches, and do not seem to have by themselves any important participation in the pathogenesis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.

Avaliaçäo dos projetos de educaçäo sexual; relatório / Evaluation of sex education project; report

Apresenta os dados de avaliaçäo dos Projetos de Educaçäo Sexual apoiados pela Fundaçäo Odebrecht e desenvolvidos nas cidades de Salvador e Rio de Janeiro