ABSTRACT
Background and objective: Orthodontic tooth movement is mediated by tumor necrosis factor -alpha through activation of osteoclasts. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a change in the bone remodeling and affects orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of infliximab local injection on orthodontic movement in the diabetic rabbit
Methods: Sixty six rabbits were divided equally into three groups; two groups were rendered diabetic using alloxan injection, while the third group was regarded as a normoglycemic group. Only one of the diabetic groups received insulin treatment. All rabbits were subjected to orthodontic tooth movement of upper central incisor for 18 days, half of each group received infliximab subperiosteal injection, while the remaining number received saline injection. After sacrifice, tissue samples were subjected to histological preparation and histomorphometric analysis
Results: Insulin treated group revealed less prominent destruction of the periodontium when compared with the untreated group. The histological pictures of infliximab injected groups demonstrated less bone resorption in pressure side and more bone formation in tension side. There was a significantly smaller number of osteoclast with less compression in the width of the periodontal ligament in the tension side with infliximab injection
Conclusion: Infliximab local injection hindered bone resorption in the diabetic state during orthodontic tooth movement
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To study the association of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with heroin addiction. Study design: A cross-sectional, hospital based study. Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at Lady Reading Hospital and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 4th April 2012 to 13th September 2012. Subjects and Methods: A sample of 137 adult heroin addicts were analyzed that whether they were ADHD and that childhood problem continues to manifest symptoms in adults. For retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) symptom checklist for ADHD was used. The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) was used to assess the persisting symptoms of ADHD in adults. Inclusion criteria: Patient diagnosed with heroin addiction according to ICD-9 and DSM-IV. Exclusion criteria: Patient has co-morbid with any other mental illnesses. Results: The difference between the mean score of WURS and CAARS of ADHD patients were significantly greater than the normal patients. Heroin addicts showed 41.6% (WURS) and 38.6% (DSM-IV diagnostic criteria) that indicated evidence of retrospective ADHD affliction in childhood. 22.6% were IV users. CAARS was presented in 37.9% heroin addicts who exhibited a substantiation of ADHD persistent in adulthood. The difference between the mean score of WURS and CAARS of ADHD patients were significantly greater (P = 0.003), than the normal patients. Conclusions: These results revealed that addiction is associated with co-morbidity with ADHD, expressed in the form of heroin addiction.