ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: The response of the immune system to harmful stimuli leads to inflammation, and the adverse effects of the toxic hepatitis chemical, thioacetamide (TAA) on the human body are well documented. This article investigated the degree of protection provided by the combined pleotropic drug, metformin (Met) and the plant polyphenolic and the antiinflammatory compound, resveratrol (Res) on liver tissue exposed to TAA possibly via the inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) / mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis-mediated liver fibrosis, as well as amelioration of profibrotic gene and protein expression. Rats were either given TAA (200 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection) for 8 weeks beginning at the third week (experimental group) or received during the first two weeks of the experiment combined doses of metformin (200 mg/kg) and resveratrol (20 mg/kg) and continued receiving these agents and TAA until experiment completion at week 10 (treated group). A considerable damage to hepatic tissue in the experimental rats was observed as revealed by tissue collagen deposition in the portal area of the liver and a substantial increase (p<0.0001) in hepatic levels of the inflammatory marker, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as blood levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). TAA also augmented hepatic tissue levels of the signalling molecule that promotes liver fibrosis (mTOR), and profibrogenic markers; alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA. All these parameters were protected (p≤0.0016) by Met+Res. In addition, a significant correlation was detected between liver fibrosis score and inflammation, liver injury enzymes, mTOR, and profibrogenesis markers. Thus, these findings suggest that Met+Res effectively protect the liver against damage induced by thioacetamide in association with the downregulation of the TNF-α/mTOR/fibrosis axis.
La respuesta del sistema inmunológico a estímulos dañinos conduce a la inflamación y los efectos adversos de la tioacetamida (TAA), una sustancia química tóxica para el hígado, están bien documentadas. Este artículo investigó el grado de protección proporcionado por el fármaco pleotrópico combinado metformina (Met), el polifenólico vegetal y el compuesto antiinflamatorio resveratrol (Res) en el tejido hepático expuesto a TAA, posiblemente a través de la inhibición de la citoquina inflamatoria, factor de necrosis tumoral α (TNF-α)/objetivo de la fibrosis hepática mediada por el eje de rapamicina (mTOR), así como mejora de la expresión de genes y proteínas profibróticas. Las ratas recibieron TAA (200 mg/kg mediante inyección intraperitoneal) durante 8 semanas a partir de la tercera semana (grupo experimental) o recibieron durante las dos primeras semanas del experimento dosis combinadas de metformina (200 mg/kg) y resveratrol (20 mg/kg) y continuaron recibiendo estos agentes y TAA hasta completar el experimento en la semana 10 (grupo tratado). Se observó un daño considerable al tejido hepático en las ratas experimentales, como lo revela el depósito de colágeno tisular en el área portal del hígado y un aumento sustancial (p<0,0001) en los niveles hepáticos del marcador inflamatorio, el factor de necrosis tumoral-α (TNF- α), así como los niveles sanguíneos de biomarcadores de lesión hepatocelular, alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). TAA también aumentó los niveles en el tejido hepático de la molécula de señalización que promueve la fibrosis hepática (mTOR) y marcadores profibrogénicos; proteína actina del músculo liso alfa (α- SMA), inhibidor tisular de las metaloproteinasas-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA y matriz metaloproteinasa-9 (MMP-9) mRNA. Todos estos parámetros fueron protegidos (p≤0.0016) por Met+Res. Además, se detectó una correlación significativa entre la puntuación de fibrosis hepática y la inflamación, las enzimas de lesión hepática, mTOR y los marcadores de profibrogénesis. Por lo tanto, estos hallazgos sugieren que Met+Res protege eficazmente el hígado contra el daño inducido por la tioacetamida en asociación con la regulación negativa del eje TNF-α/mTOR/fibrosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Thioacetamide/toxicity , Resveratrol/pharmacology , Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy , Metformin/pharmacology , Immunohistochemistry , Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 , Sirolimus , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases , Inflammation , Liver/drug effects , Liver Cirrhosis/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Abstract Oral soft tissue lesions require a precise diagnosis by oral biopsy with the ability to recognize these lesions within histopathological levels, so the instrument used for the incisions should be safe and cause little to no harm to the surrounding tissue. Objective This study compared a dual-wavelength diode laser and an Er, Cr:YSGG laser in oral soft tissue incisions to determine the most effective and safest laser system at the histopathological level. Methodology The (810 and 980 nm) dual-wavelength diode laser was used at 1.5 W and 2.5 W (CW) power settings, and the (2780 nm) Er, Cr:YSGG laser was used at 2.5 W and 3.5 W (PW) power settings. Both laser systems were used to incise the tissues of freshly dissected sheep tongue pieces to obtain the following histopathological criteria: epithelial tissue changes, connective tissue changes, and lateral thermal damage extent by optical microscopy. Results The epithelial and connective tissue damage scores were significantly higher in the dual-wavelength diode laser groups than in the Er, Cr:YSGG laser groups (P<0.001), and there was a significant difference between some groups. The extent of lateral thermal damage was also significantly higher in the diode laser groups than in the Er, Cr: YSGG laser groups (P<0.001), and there was a significant difference between groups. Group 2 (2.5 W) of the diode laser was the highest for all three criteria, while group 3 (2.5 W) of the Er, Cr:YSGG laser was the lowest. Conclusion The Er, Cr:YSGG laser with an output power of 2.5 W is, histologically, the most effective and safest laser for oral soft tissue incision. The dual-wavelength diode laser causes more damage than the Er, Cr:YSGG laser, but it can be used with a low output power and 1 mm safety distance in excisional biopsy.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: This study evaluated the effects of ethnicity, sex, and age on the linear dimensions of the sella turcica (ST) and the pneumatization patterns of the sphenoid sinus (SS). In this cross-sectional retrospective study, we examined digitally standardized computed tomography scans of 100 Jordanians. These study participants comprised 50 men and 50 women, and their age ranged from 23 years to 77 years. We assessed linear ST dimensions and SS pneumatization patterns and correlated this data to age and sex. Furthermore, we compared the data with different ethnic groups from previous studies. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) length, diameter, width, and depth of the ST were 9.98 (1.89) mm, 12.45 (2) mm, 11.96 (1.76) mm, and 8.38 (1.63) mm, respectively. The mean (SD) interclinoid diameter was 8.84 (2.03) mm. These measurements were not significantly correlated with sex or age. With regards to pneumatization patterns of the sphenoid sinus, the conchal type was observed in 2 % of the study participants. Presellar involvement was observed in 30 % of the patients. The sellar and postsellar type was observed in 66 % and 2 % of patients, respectively. In our study, ST measurements did not differ significantly between the sexes. Pneumatization patterns of the SS differed from the patterns reported for other races. The findings of this study could assist neurosurgeons, orthodontists, and forensic medical investigators in diagnosing and planning treatment for pituitary gland pathologies.
Este estudio evaluó los efectos de la etnia, el sexo y la edad sobre las dimensiones lineales de la silla turca y los patrones de neumatización del seno esfenoidal (SE). En este estudio retrospectivo transversal, examinamos tomografías computarizadas estandarizadas digitalmente de 100 jordanos. Los participantes del estudio comprendían 50 hombres y 50 mujeres entre los 23 y los 77 años de edad. Evaluamos las dimensiones lineales del SE y los patrones de neumatización del SE y correlacionamos estos datos con la edad y el sexo. Además, comparamos los datos con diferentes grupos étnicos de estudios previos. La media (desviación estándar) de la longitud, el diámetro, el ancho y la profundidad del SE fueron 9,98 (1,89) mm, 12,45 (2) mm, 11,96 (1,76) mm y 8,38 (1,63) mm, respectivamente. El diámetro interclinoideo medio era de 8,84 (2,03) mm. Estas medidas no se correlacionaron significativamente con el sexo o la edad. Con respecto a los patrones de neumatización del seno esfenoidal, el tipo conchal se observó en el 2 % de los participantes del estudio. Se observó afectación preselar en el 30 % de los pacientes. El tipo selar y postsillar se observó en el 66 % y el 2 % de los pacientes, respectivamente. En nuestro estudio, las medidas del SE no difirieron significativamente entre los sexos. Los patrones de neumatización de la silla turca diferían de los patrones informados para otras razas. Los hallazgos de este estudio podrían ayudar a los neurocirujanos, ortodoncistas e investigadores médicos forenses en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las patologías de la hipófisis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Sella Turcica/anatomy & histology , Sphenoid Sinus/anatomy & histology , Sella Turcica/diagnostic imaging , Sphenoid Sinus/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
This research investigated the effect of Andrographis paniculata (AP) on oxidative stress following indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. A total of 20 male albino Wistar rats (150-180g) used for this study were grouped into four (n=5): 1, Negative Control; 2, Positive Control and 3, test group treated with normal chow, 20mg/kg indomethacin, 20 mg/kg indomethacin plus omeprazole at 20mg/kg and 20mg/kg indomethacin plus AP at 16.7 mg/kg respectively. After treatment period, estimation of oxidative stress parameters was carried out on the animals. The LD50 of aqueous extract of AP was 50mg/kg bw. Body weight change was significantly reduced in omeprazole treated group compared to all other groups while extract treated group had significantly increased body weight change. There was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level of ulcer untreated group compared to other groups. The two treated groups had significantly reduced MDA compared to ulcer untreated group. There was a significant decrease in the levels of GPx and SOD of ulcer untreated group compared to control. Meanwhile, these were significantly increased in extract and omeprazole treated groups compared to ulcer untreated group. Catalase was significantly increased in all three groups when compared to control but its level was significantly increased in extract treated group compared to ulcer untreated and omeprazole treated groups. From this study, AP has proved to protect against oxidative stress implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcer. If this result is applicable to humans, further research and use of AP in ameliorating debilitating consequences of peptic ulcer should be encouraged.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that affects the synovial knee joint causes swelling of the synovial membrane and tissue damage. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) are involved in the pathogenesis of RA. The link between IL-17A, GSK3β, the oxidative stress, and the profibrogenic marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with and without TDZD-8, GSK3β inhibitor has not been studied before. Consequently, active immunization of rats was performed to induce RA after three weeks using collagen type II (COII) injections. The treated group received daily injection of 1 mg/kg TDZD-8 for 21 days following the immunization protocol (COII+TDZD-8). Blood and synovium tissue samples were harvested at the end of the experiment. RA development was confirmed as corroborated by a substantial increase in blood levels of the highly specific autoantibody for RA, anti-citrullinated protein antibody as well as augmentation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels measured as lipid peroxidation. RA induction also increased synovium tissue levels of IL-17A and the profibrogenic marker, α-SMA. All these parameters seemed to be significantly (p<0.0001) ameliorated by TDZD-8. Additionally, a significant correlation between IL-17A, ROS, and α-SMA and biomarkers of RA was observed. Thus, knee joint synovium RA induction augmented IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA axis mediated arthritis in a rat model of RA, which was inhibited by TDZD-8.
La artritis reumatoide (AR) que afecta la articulación sinovial de la rodilla provoca inflamación de la membrana sinovial y daño tisular. La interleucina-17A (IL-17A) y la enzima glucógeno sintasa quinasa-3β (GSK3β) están involucradas en la patogenia de la AR. No se ha estudiadol vínculo entre IL-17A, GSK3β, el estrés oxidativo y el marcador profibrogénico actina de músculo liso alfa (α-SMA) con y sin inhibidor de TDZD-8, GSK3β. En consecuencia, se realizó una inmunización activa de ratas para inducir la AR después de tres semanas usando inyecciones de colágeno tipo II (COII). El grupo tratado recibió una inyección diaria de 1 µg/ kg de TDZD-8 durante 21 días siguiendo el protocolo de inmunización (COII+TDZD-8). Se recogieron muestras de sangre y tejido sinovial al final del experimento. El desarrollo de AR se confirmó como lo corroboró el aumento sustancial en los niveles sanguíneos del autoanticuerpo altamente específico para AR, el anticuerpo antiproteína citrulinada, así como el aumento de los niveles de especies oxidativas reactivas (ROS) medidos como peroxidación lipídica. La inducción de AR también aumentó los niveles de tejido sinovial de IL-17A y el marcador profibrogénico, α-SMA. Todos estos parámetros parecían mejorar significativamente (p<0,0001) con TDZD-8. Además, se observó una correlación significativa entre IL- 17A, ROS y α-SMA y biomarcadores de AR. Por lo tanto, la inducción de AR en la sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla aumentó la artritis mediada por el eje IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA en un modelo de rata de AR, que fue inhibida por TDZD-8.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Arthritis, Rheumatoid , Thiadiazoles/administration & dosage , Fibrosis , Immunohistochemistry , Blotting, Western , Actins , Immunization , Reactive Oxygen Species , Rats, Wistar , Interleukin-17 , Collagen Type II/administration & dosage , Disease Models, Animal , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 betaABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that affects the synovial knee joint causes swelling of the synovial membrane and tissue damage. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) are involved in the pathogenesis of RA. The link between IL-17A, GSK3β, the oxidative stress, and the profibrogenic marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with and without TDZD-8, GSK3β inhibitor has not been studied before. Consequently, active immunization of rats was performed to induce RA after three weeks using collagen type II (COII) injections. The treated group received daily injection of 1 mg/kg TDZD-8 for 21 days following the immunization protocol (COII+TDZD-8). Blood and synovium tissue samples were harvested at the end of the experiment. RA development was confirmed as corroborated by a substantial increase in blood levels of the highly specific autoantibody for RA, anti-citrullinated protein antibody as well as augmentation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels measured as lipid peroxidation. RA induction also increased synovium tissue levels of IL-17A and the profibrogenic marker, α-SMA. All these parameters seemed to be significantly (p<0.0001) ameliorated by TDZD-8. Additionally, a significant correlation between IL-17A, ROS, and α-SMA and biomarkers of RA was observed. Thus, knee joint synovium RA induction augmented IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA axis mediated arthritis in a rat model of RA, which was inhibited by TDZD-8.
La artritis reumatoide (AR) que afecta la articulación sinovial de la rodilla provoca inflamación de la membrana sinovial y daño tisular. La interleucina-17A (IL-17A) y la enzima glucógeno sintasa quinasa-3β (GSK3β) están involucradas en la patogenia de la AR. No se ha estudiadol vínculo entre IL-17A, GSK3β, el estrés oxidativo y el marcador profibrogénico actina de músculo liso alfa (α-SMA) con y sin inhibidor de TDZD-8, GSK3β. En consecuencia, se realizó una inmunización activa de ratas para inducir la AR después de tres semanas usando inyecciones de colágeno tipo II (COII). El grupo tratado recibió una inyección diaria de 1 µg/ kg de TDZD-8 durante 21 días siguiendo el protocolo de inmunización (COII+TDZD-8). Se recogieron muestras de sangre y tejido sinovial al final del experimento. El desarrollo de AR se confirmó como lo corroboró el aumento sustancial en los niveles sanguíneos del autoanticuerpo altamente específico para AR, el anticuerpo antiproteína citrulinada, así como el aumento de los niveles de especies oxidativas reactivas (ROS) medidos como peroxidación lipídica. La inducción de AR también aumentó los niveles de tejido sinovial de IL-17A y el marcador profibrogénico, α-SMA. Todos estos parámetros parecían mejorar significativamente (p<0,0001) con TDZD-8. Además, se observó una correlación significativa entre IL- 17A, ROS y α-SMA y biomarcadores de AR. Por lo tanto, la inducción de AR en la sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla aumentó la artritis mediada por el eje IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA en un modelo de rata de AR, que fue inhibida por TDZD-8.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Paracetamol (known as acetaminophen, or APAP) poisoning causes acute liver damage that can lead to organ failure and death. We sought to determine that APAP overdose can augment tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/ nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)/induced nitic oxide synthase (iNOS) axis-mediated hepatotoxicity in rats, and the anti-inflammatory polyphenolic compounds, quercetin (QUR) plus resveratrol (RES) can ameliorate these parameters. Therefore, we induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats using APAP overdose (2 g/kg, orally) and the protective group of rats were treated with 50 mg/kg QUR plus 30 mg/kg RES for one week before APAP ingestion. Animals were killed at day 8. APAP poisoning caused the induction of hepatic tissue levels of TNF-α, NF-kB, and iNOS, which were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by QUR+RES. QUR+RES, also inhibited liver injury biomarkers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Additionally, a link between liver injury and TNF-α /NF-kB / iNOS axis mediated hepatotoxicity was observed. Thus, the presented data backing the conclusion that intoxication by paracetamol increases TNF-α / NF-kB / iNOS axis -mediated hepatotoxicity, and is protected by a combination of quercetin and resveratrol.
El envenenamiento por paracetamol (conocido como acetaminofeno o APAP) causa daño hepático agudo que puede provocar una insuficiencia orgánica y la muerte. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si la sobredosis de APAP puede aumentar la hepatotoxicidad mediada por el eje del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α)/factor nuclear kappa B (NF-kB)/óxido nítico sintasa inducida (iNOS) en ratas, y si el polifenólico antiinflamatorio compuesto por quercetina (QUR) más resveratrol (RES) pueden mejorar estos parámetros. Por lo tanto, inducimos hepatotoxicidad aguda en ratas usando una sobredosis de APAP (2 g/kg, por vía oral). El grupo protector de ratas se trató con 50 mg/ kg de QUR más 30 mg/kg de RES durante una semana antes de la ingestión de APAP. Los animales se sacrificaron el día 8. El envenenamiento con APAP en el tejido hepático provocó la inducción de niveles de TNF-α, NF-kB e iNOS, que se redujeron significativamente (p<0,05) con QUR+RES. QUR+RES, también inhibió los biomarcadores de daño hepático, la alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y el aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). Además, se observó una relación entre la lesión hepática y la hepatotoxicidad mediada por el eje TNF-α /NF-kB/iNOS. Por lo tanto, los datos presentados respaldan la conclusión de que la intoxicación por paracetamol aumenta la hepatotoxicidad mediada por el eje TNF-α /NF-kB / iNOS, y está protegida por una combinación de quercetina y resveratrol.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Quercetin/administration & dosage , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic/drug therapy , Resveratrol/administration & dosage , Acetaminophen/toxicity , Acute Disease , NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Protective Agents , Drug Therapy, Combination , Drug OverdoseABSTRACT
Purpose@#We aimed to evaluate the disparity between video-based learning and lecture-based learning on Jordanian medical students’ satisfaction. @*Methods@#We conducted this cross-sectional study using a web-based questionnaire adapted from Student Evaluation of Educational Quality survey. Using convenience sampling, medical students studying at the University of Jordan and Jordan University Hospital were recruited. Participants in either clinical or basic-science years that have completed the entire survey were included in the final analysis. @*Results@#We surveyed a total 487 participants among which male to female ratio was 1.19:1. Participants perceived greater benefit in terms of learning, instructor enthusiasm, content organization, breadth of teaching, and quality and number of assignments when using video-based learning (all p<0.01). In contrast, face-to-face learning was associated with significantly higher benefits in terms of group interactions (p<0.01) and capacity for rapport building (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in perceived examination performance between the two learning modalities (p=0.11). @*Conclusion@#Video-based learning is the preferred learning modality among Jordanian medical students. Despite its dominance across multiple domains, it should be implemented as an adjunct to traditional classroom teaching for it is vital in the development of good communication skills and building rapport in medical students.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#We investigated research barriers among Jordanian medical postgraduates to understand the current context of the local health research landscape and improve scholarly output. @*Methods@#Using a validated questionnaire, Jordanian interns, residents, specialists, and consultants were examined for their perceived attitudes and barriers towards research. Participants were conveniently sampled from public, university, military, and private institutions. Differences in responses were examined using the Student t-test and analysis of variance. Binary logistic regression was utilized to examine predictors of being able to publish. @*Results@#A total of 1,141 Jordanian medical postgraduates were recruited, of which 61.3% were junior postgraduates (i.e., interns and residents in their first 2 years of residency) while 38.7% were senior postgraduates (i.e., senior residents, specialists, and consultants). Around 76.0% of participants had no peer-reviewed publications. Of those with least one publication (n=273), only 31.1% had first authorships. Participants portrayed dominantly positive attitudes towards the importance of research. There were no significant differences between junior and senior postgraduates for overall attitudes (p=0.486) and knowledge barriers scores (p=0.0261). Conversely, senior postgraduates demonstrated higher mean organizational barriers (p<0.001). Seniority (odds ratio [OR], 5.268; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.341–8.307), age (OR, 1.087; 95% CI, 1.019–1.159), academic standing (OR, 1.730; 95% CI, 1.103–2.715), and confidence (OR, 1.086; 95% CI, 1.009–1.169) were positive predictors of publication in peer reviewed journals. @*Conclusion@#The Jordanian medical research landscape is riddled with all forms of different barriers. The reworking of current and integration of new research training programs are of utmost importance.
ABSTRACT
Introduction@#In Malaysia, the adolescent health studies conducted in 2012 and 2017 revealed an increasing trend of adolescent health risk behaviours and protective factors. This current study aims to determine health risk behaviours and protective factors among adolescents in the country. @*Methods@#The current nationwide cross-sectional study of Malaysian secondary school students used multistage stratified sampling to select 240 nationally representative schools. This study was conducted from June to July 2022 among the students in forms 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in all Malaysian states by 34 data collection teams. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used, similar to those used in the NHMS 2012 and NHMS 2017. The quality control was done twice, once at the field level and once at the central level. Sample weighting and analysis were conducted using SPSS statistical software version 28.0.@*Results@#A total of 239 schools out of 240 schools took part in the study (response rate, 99.6%) and total of 33,523 students were involved in this study (response rate, 89.4%). In terms of ethnicity, the highest number of students who participated in the study were Malay (63.0%), followed by Chinese (18.1%) and Indian (6.0 %). While the distribution of sex and form among the students were almost the same. @*Conclusion@#To obtain an accurate representation of the nation's adolescent population for this study, samples from public and private schools that are governed by the Ministries of Education and Rural and Regional Development were deemed to be the most reliable.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To compare the pre-clinical and clinical students` perceptions about the non-pharmacological behaviour management techniques in paediatric dentistry and to investigate the influence of the dental curriculum on the students` knowledge regarding this issue. Methods: A total of 283 students from the IV-and X-semester completed a questionnaire, consisted of 12 statements, describing the nonpharmacological behaviour management techniques for the treatment of paediatric dental patients. The acceptability rate was evaluated with a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Results: The students from all courses demonstrated high acceptance for Reinforcement and Desensitization techniques and low for the Negative reinforcement and Physical restraint. The comparison between the perceptions of the pre-clinical and clinical students demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the acceptance of the physical restraint, along with Nonverbal communication, Modelling and Parental presence/absence (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results provide information about the students' knowledge and skills in behaviour management techniques together with some insights about how the educational process can modify the students` perceptions and views in dealing with paediatric dental patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Students, Dental , Behavior , Surveys and Questionnaires , Pediatric Dentistry , MethodsABSTRACT
Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus Worldwide and its complex nature of predisposing one to different ailments like obesity, eye defect, cardiovascular diseases etc. calls for alternative measures in the management of the disease. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) is an underutilized food with a lot of nutritional and medical potential which are used traditionally in the management of different ailments like diabetes mellitus. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetes and anti-lipidemic effects of muskmelon fruits and seeds in streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced using intravenous Streptozotocin at a dose of 42 mg/kg of body weight into the tail veins to groups 2-5. Twenty-five male albino rats were divided into 5 groups, group 1 normal control, group 2- diabetic control, group 3- Glucophage treatment, group 4-500mg/kg BW muskmelon fruits extract, and group 5- 500mg/kg bw muskmelon seeds extract and were treated for 2 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, body weight, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and total cholesterol were evaluated. Results: The result shows that the extract caused a significant increase in the body weight, HDL-cholesterol, and a significant decrease in triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose. Although the extract performed well there is a significant difference between the group that took Glucophage and the groups that ate muskmelon fruits and seed extract p<0.05 Conclusion: The result proved the anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effect of muskmelon fruits and seeds which could be added to the pool of other food used in the management of diabetes mellitus which will lead to diet diversification.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever casos clínicos e séries de casos relacionados a alterações oftalmológicas em pacientes com diagnóstico de COVID-19. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa/descritiva de casos clínicos e série de casos. A partir das buscas de dados com descritores pré-definidos, foram integrados na revisão, 17 estudos. Dentre os principais temas identificados, destacam-se: alterações conjuntivais, alterações retinianas e oftalmoparesias. O quadro de alterações da conjuntiva foi prevalente em relação aos demais. Essa revisão incluiu não apenas afecções oculares em adultos, mas também, em crianças e adolescentes. O estudo chama atenção para o fato de que as alterações oculares foram descritas como alteração isolada, alteração precipitante e alteração simultânea ao quadro respiratório. Conclui-se que as afecções oculares vão além de alterações conjuntivais, embora sejam essas preponderantes, havendo ainda alterações retinianas, quadro de oftalmoparesia e ainda a incomum síndrome de Miller Fisher. Novos ensaios irão poder avaliar, qual é de fato, a representatividade dos problemas oculares na cadeia epidemiológica da COVID-19. [au]
The objective of this work is to describe clinical cases and case series related to ophthalmological changes in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. A narrative/descriptive review of clinical cases and case series was performed. Based on data searches with pre-defined descriptors, 17 studies were integrated in the review. Among the main themes identified, the following stand out: conjunctival changes, retinal changes and ophthalmoparesis. The picture of changes in the conjunctiva was prevalent in relation to the others. This review included not only eye disorders in adults, but also in children and adolescents. The study draws attention to the fact that the ocular changes were described as isolated alteration, precipitating alteration and simultaneous alteration to the respiratory condition. It is concluded that ocular conditions go beyond conjunctival alterations, although these are predominant, with retinal alterations, ophthalmoparesis and the unusual Miller Fisher syndrome. New trials will be able to assess, in fact, the representativeness of eye problems in the epidemiological chain of COVID-19. [au]
ABSTRACT
Aim: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with Anxiety and Depression among `glaucoma patients.Study Design: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital Port Harcourt, Nigeria. From February to June 2016.Patients and Methods: Glaucoma patients aged 18 years or older with no history of coexisting ocular pathology or chronic systemic illness were included in the study. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were administered. Ocular examinations done included visual acuity, applanation tonometry, and ophthalmoscopy. Perimetry was done using a standard achromatic perimetry with a fast threshold central 30-2 strategy. Data obtained from the subjects were analysed using SPSS (Version 20), and p value set at < 0.05.Results: There were 141 males (47%) and 158 females (53%) giving a male: female ratio 1:1.12. The age range was 20-86 years with mean age of 53.61� 14.23 years. The prevalence of Anxiety and Depression were 37.5% and 34.1% respectively, while 53 subjects (17.7%) had both anxiety and depression. The mean scores of anxiety and depression among the study subjects were 6.49�851 (CI 6.05-6.93) and 5.78�832 (95% CI 5.35-6.21) respectively. Family history (O.R=1.893;P-value=0.019), previous membership of a Glaucoma Society(O.R=2.633;P-value=0.007), and BCVA in the better eye(O.R=0.235;P-value=0.001), were significant predictors of anxiety while age(O.R=0.774;P-value=0.029), educational status (O.R=0.139;P-value=0.001), and BCVA in the better eye (O.R=4.865;P-value=0.001) were significant predictive factors for depression after adjustment for cofounding factors.Conclusion: There is high prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among this cohort of glaucoma patients. Combined management of glaucoma patients with Neuropsychiatrists will promote a holistic management with early detection of mental health challenges.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile and psychological disorder of the suicide attempt cases in Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. METHODS: This is an epidemiological descriptive/qualitative study of suicide attempts conducted between 2017 and 2020. This study used data from the Brazilian Information system for notifications involving suicide attempts (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN) and 447 notifications were obtained. An analysis of the electronic medical record of these patients was performed in order to investigate the mental disorders, using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 447 notifications, 382 were eligible for the study. Using the 95% confidence interval, there was a higher frequency of females with 71.7% aged between 18 and 35 years representing 48.4%, with 77.2% white race/color, the singles appeared in the majority with 47.6% with a history of previous suicide attempts, using exogenous intoxication as a method in the attempt with 67.5%. Regarding mental health, 66.5% of the patients had some mental disorders, with the highest prevalence of recurrent depressive disorder found in 40.6%. CONCLUSION: It was observed that there is a need for training of health professionals and implementation of programs and preventive measures aimed primarily at females aged between 18 and 35 years with mental disorders, especially with recurrent depressive disorder and with a history of previous suicide attempt.
ABSTRACT
Aims: Despite all efforts made globally by governments of various nations and all concerned agencies through preventative measures, quick testing, isolation, shutting down of societies and economy, the virus still succeeded in spreading through communities perhaps due to the wrong perspective, in addition to surveillance, prevention and management challenges. This study evaluated the perception and practices of covid-19 in rural areas of southeastern Nigeria. Study Design: The study adopted a community-based cross-sectional survey design that investigated awareness, perspective, surveillance challenges, prevention, management and economic impact in rural settlement areas of south-east, Nigeria. Place and duration of study: This study was be conducted in rural settlement areas of south-east Nigeria (Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states). February � April, 2021. Methodology: Data was collected by the use of the questionnaire. Five hundred copies were administered per state. Results: Most participants (2464, 98.6%) heard first of COVID-19 through radio/television (1409, 56.3%), social media (539, 21.5%) and their friends/relatives (418, 16.7%); 1896 (75.8%) believed in the existence of COVID-19 infection. However, the majority in Ebonyi state (309, 61.8%) had their disbelief on the existence of COVID-19. Participants confirmed having knowledge of COVID-19 testing (2319, 92.8%) and isolation centers (2299, 92.0%), however, a major challenge was lack of (1698, 67.9%) or no awareness (550, 22.0%) of masses testing centre in their areas. A few individuals (392, 15.7%) reported having experienced one or two COVID-19 symptoms about 3 months ago. Knowledge on how to prevent contracting COVID-19 is relatively high (66.7%) among the respondents. COVID-19 induced economic burden amongst residents were mainly as a result of the imposition of lockdown to movements and businesses (1098, 43.9%), disruption of studies (959, 38.4%), increased hunger (950, 38.0%), high expenditure (894, 35.8%) and loss of job/income (816, 32.6%). Conclusion: It is concluded that the majority of the people in southeast Nigeria are aware of the possible existence of Covid-19 in their area.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Induction of osteoarthritis (OA) following diabetes is characterized by a sever inflammation of the joints that can lead to disability. The cartilage content of proteoglycans can substantially be reduced, following the induction of diabetes mellitus associated with inflammation as well as knee joint injury, and the antidiabetic drug metformin combined with the anti-inflammatory agent resveratrol can prevent these deleterious effects. Therefore, insulin-independent diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in Albino rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection (50 mg/kg) after being fed on a high carbohydrate and fat diets for 2 weeks. The protective group of rats which also received a single injection of STZ was treated daily with metformin (Met; 200 mg/kg) and resveratrol (Res; 30 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Harvested knee joint tissues were prepared for basic histology stain and for proteoglycans staining using light microscopy. Histology images showed in diabetic rats (T2DM) OA development as demonstrated by profound injury to the knee joint and severe decrease of articular cartilage proteoglycans content, which were substantialy protected by Met+Res. Met+Res also significantly (p< 0.0001) decreased diabetes induced glycemia, dyslipidemia, and the inflammatory biomarkers, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). In addition, there was a significant correlation between OA and glycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Collectively, we demonstrate an association between knee joint damage and biomarkers of glycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in diabetes-induced OA, with metformin plus resveratrol providing protective effects.
RESUMEN: La inducción de osteoartritis (OA) después de la diabetes se caracteriza por una inflamación severa de las articulaciones que puede conducir a la discapacidad. El contenido de cartílago de proteoglicanos se puede reducir sustancialmente, luego de la inducción de diabetes mellitus asociada con inflamación y lesión en la articulación de la rodilla sin embargo, el fármaco antidiabético metformina combinado con el agente antiinflamatorio resveratrol puede prevenir estos efectos nocivos. Por lo tanto, se indujo diabetes insulino dependiente, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (T2DM) en ratas albinas mediante inyección de estreptozotocina (STZ) (50 mg/kg) después de haber sido alimentadas con dietas ricas en carbohidratos y grasas durante 2 semanas. El grupo protector de ratas que también recibió una inyección única de STZ fue tratado diariamente con metformina (Met; 200 mg/kg) y resveratrol (Res; 30 mg/kg) durante 12 semanas. Tejidos de la articulación de la rodilla fueon retirados y teñidos con histología básica y tinción de proteoglicanos usando microscopía óptica. Las imágenes histológicas en ratas diabéticas mostraban (T2DM) desarrollo de OA visualizadas por una lesión profunda en la articulación de la rodilla y una disminución severa del contenido de proteoglicanos del cartílago articular, los cuales estaban sustancialmente protegidos por Met+Res. Met+Res. También disminuyó significativamente (p< 0,0001) la glucemia inducida por la diabetes, la dislipidemia y los biomarcadores inflamatorios, el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α), la interleucina-6 (IL-6) y la proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCR-hs). Además, hubo una correlación significativa entre la OA y la glucemia, la dislipidemia y la inflamación. En conjunto, demostramos una asociación entre el daño de la articulación de la rodilla y los biomarcadores de glucemia, dislipidemia e inflamación en la OA inducida por diabetes, con metformina más resveratrol que brindan efectos protectores.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Osteoarthritis/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Resveratrol/administration & dosage , Metformin/administration & dosage , Proteoglycans/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Inflammation , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosageABSTRACT
SUMMARY: This study aims to determine the possible differences anthropometric characteristics and body composition profiles of elite taekwondo players with or without medals in European championships. Twenty-one black-belt elite taekwondo athletes (17.4±1.2 years) from the Turkish national team were divided into two groups, namely, medalists (MEC; n =11) and non-medalists (NmEC; n=10) in European championships. Twenty-eight anthropometric measurements including height, body mass, length, circumferences, breadth, and skinfolds were taken following the standard techniques proposed by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Body composition variables were evaluated by using skinfold thickness measurements. Results demonstrated that anthropometric and body composition, variables did not differ significantly between medalist and non-medalist taekwondo players (p>0.01). Our athletes have a low percentage of body fat and high muscle mass profile. Medalist and non-medalist elite Turkish taekwondo players in the European championships do not differ in terms of anthropometric and body composition components. They have a similar body composition profile suitable for taekwondo players and within acceptable healthy ranges. The present study assists coaches in the formulation of appropriate training programs aiming the development for managing the body composition status of players, which will be associated with high-level performance in taekwondo. Future studies should include body composition and somatotype profile inspection throughout the weight categories.
RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las posibles diferencias antropométricas y perfiles de composición corporal de los peleadores de taekwondo de élite, con o sin medallas en campeonatos europeos. Veintiún atletas de taekwondo de élite de cinturón negro (17,4 ± 1,2 años) del equipo nacional turco se dividieron en dos grupos, medallistas (MEC; n = 11) y no medallistas (NmEC; n = 10). Se tomaron veintiocho medidas antropométricas incluyendo altura, masa corporal, longitud, circunferencias, ancho y pliegues cutáneos siguiendo las técnicas estándar sugeridas por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK). Las variables de composición corporal se evaluaron mediante mediciones del grosor de los pliegues cutáneos. Los resultados demostraron que las variables antropométricas y de composición corporal no difirieron significativamente entre los jugadores de taekwondo medallistas y no medallistas (p> 0,01). Nuestros deportistas tienen un bajo porcentaje de grasa corporal y un alto perfil de masa muscular. Los medallistas y no medallistas de taekwondo turcos de élite en los campeonatos europeos no difieren en términos de components antropométricos y de composición corporal. Tienen un perfil de composición corporal similar adecuado para peleadores de taekwondo y dentro de rangos saludables aceptables. El presente estudio ayuda a los entrenadores en la formulación de programas de entrenamiento apropiados que apunten al desarrollo para manejar el estado de la composición corporal de los peleadores, lo que se asociará con un rendimiento de alto nivel en taekwondo. Los estudios futuros deben incluir la inspección de la composición corporal y el perfil del somatotipo en todas las categorías de peso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Body Composition , Anthropometry , Martial Arts , Turkey , KinanthropometryABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes cartilage degradation and tissue destruction, can affect synovial joints such as the knee joint. The link between the nitrosative stress enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1β) in RA-induced knee joint synovial membrane damage with and without the incorporation of the GSK3β inhibitor TDZD-8 has never been studied. As a result, we used active immunization method with collagen type II (COII) for twenty one days to induce RA in rats. TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) was given daily into matched immunized rats for three weeks after day 21 (COII+TDZD-8). Blood and tissue samples were taken 42 days after immunization. A dramatic increase in rheumatoid factor (RF) blood levels, as well as considerable synovial tissue damage and inflammatory cell infiltration of the synovial membrane, were used to validate the onset of RA following COII immunization. COII immunization increased tissue levels of iNOS protein and IL- 1β mRNA and protein expression, which TDZD-8 suppressed considerably (p<0.0001). Furthermore, there was a significantly (p<0.001) positive correlation between iNOS, inflammatory biomarkers, and RF. We concluded that TDZD-8 reduced RA-induced IL-1β -iNOS axis-mediated arthritis in the rat knee joint synovium.
RESUMEN: La artritis reumatoide (AR), es una enfermedad autoinmune inflamatoria que causa la degradación del cartílago y la destrucción del tejido, pudiendo afectar las articulaciones sinoviales, como la articulación de la rodilla. No se ha estudiado el vínculo entre la óxido nítrico sintasa inducible por la enzima del estrés nitrosativo (iNOS) y la citocina interleucina-1 (IL-1β) en el daño de la membrana sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla provocado por AR con y sin la incorporación del inhibidor de GSK3β TDZD-8. Utilizamos el método de inmunización activa con colágeno tipo II (COII) durante veintiún días para inducir AR en ratas. Se administró TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) diariamente a ratas inmunizadas emparejadas durante tres semanas después del día 21 (COII+TDZD- 8). Se tomaron muestras de sangre y tejido 42 días después de la inmunización. Se observó un gran aumento de los niveles sanguíneos del factor reumatoideo (FR), así como un daño considerable del tejido sinovial e infiltración de células inflamatorias en la membrana sinovial, para validar la aparición de la AR después de la inmunización con COII. La inmunización con COII aumentó los niveles tisulares de la proteína iNOS y la expresión de proteína y ARNm de IL-1β, que TDZD-8 suprimió considerablemente (p<0,0001). Además, hubo una correlación positiva significativa (p<0,001) entre iNOS, biomarcadores inflamatorios y FR. Concluimos que TDZD- 8 redujo la artritis mediada por el eje IL-1β-iNOS inducida por la AR en la sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla de rata.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology , Thiadiazoles/administration & dosage , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/antagonists & inhibitors , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/chemically induced , Immunohistochemistry , Rats, Wistar , Collagen Type II/administration & dosage , Disease Models, Animal , Interleukin-1beta , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/administration & dosage , Nitrosative Stress/drug effects , InflammationABSTRACT
Purpose@#This study investigated the relationship between 3 major constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), i.e., attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC) and past experience of healthy eating and intentions of healthy eating in the short-term and long-term in adults living in Shanghai and parts of Anhui Province, China. @*Methods@#The online study questionnaire for this cross-sectional study was based on previously validated items. A total of 408 Chinese adults (aged 18–64 years) residing in Shanghai and parts of Anhui Province, China were included to examine relationships between 3 major constructs of TPB and past experience of healthy eating, and short-term and long-term intentions of healthy eating. Multiple linear regression model adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) was employed to test relationships. @*Results@#Only PBC among 3 major constructs of TPB was significantly related to short-term (p < 0.001) and long-term (p = 0.002) intention of healthy eating after adjustment for age and BMI. Past experience of healthy eating was more significantly related to long-term intention (p < 0.001) compared to short-term (p = 0.020) intention of healthy eating. The short-term and long-term intention models explained 70.5% and 48.8% of the variance, respectively. @*Conclusion@#PBC is a potential determinant of both short-term and long-term behavioral intention of healthy eating regardless of past experience of healthy eating in adults residing in Shanghai and parts of Anhui Province, China. Our results indicate that programs promoting healthy eating to Chinese adults incorporate PCB to perform healthy eating under his or her control.