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Pharmacoscintigraphy is a non-invasive technique for determining the fate of drugs after administration into humans. Collecting valuable information through the pharmacoscintigraphyabout absorption and release mechanisms of drugs from formulations, and thus proving to be an invaluable tool in developing newer and more effective formulations. Such studies can be used to determine the behavior of drugs, formulation as well as diagnostic agents that are administered. In this technique, radiolabelled formulations are administered to patients by their intended route of administration. Their transit through the body is monitored using sophisticated imaging cameras. Since the amount of radiotracer that is used is very low, this is a safe, efficient, and accurate method for studying the behavior of drugs in the human body. Preclinical studies of newer drugs have successfully been carried out using the pharmacoscintigraphic technique
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Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity with dyslipidemia as an important contributing risk factor. Objective of the study was to determine whether there is an association between maternal lipid profile and the cord blood lipid profile of their newborns.Methods: This was a hospital-based Cross-sectional study on 60 mothers and their respective newborns (30 term and 30 preterm) conducted in Yenepoya medical college hospital from August to November 2019. Umbilical cord blood samples from the newborns were collected after birth and the mother's venous blood was collected in the fasting state (8hrs of fasting) before delivery. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL were determined in mothers and their newborns by an enzymatic colorimetric method. Data obtained was analyzed by the SSPS software 23.0 version and Pearson's correlation was done.Results: There was a significant correlation between the mean concentration of maternal Triglycerides and the Triglycerides and HDL levels of neonates (p-value <0.05).Conclusions: There was a significant association of cord blood and maternal lipid profile, hence changes in maternal lipid levels might influence the lipid levels in the cord blood of newborns.
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Background: Hypertension is been one of the most common co morbidity of this disease. It was mostly attributed to sodium retention, which is a major clinical feature of nephrotic syndrome. These mechanisms likely have a role in the development of hypertension in nephrotic syndrome, where hypertension may be difficult to control, and provide new therapeutic options for the management of blood pressure in the setting of nephrotic syndrome. Objective of study the prevalence of hypertension in children with NS and also the number of antihypertensive required to control it.Method: A Retrospective study of the hospital records of 100 children diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome admitted to Pediatric and Nephrology Ward at YMCH was accessed.Results: In our study 35 (35%) of them were Infrequent relapse nephrotic syndrome (IFNS) and 35(35%) were' Frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) ,while 30 cases (30%) were First episode nephrotic syndrome (FENS). 65 cases were steroid sensitive, while 28 and 7 of them were steroid dependent and resistant respectively. Of the 100 study population 54 of them had hypertension while 46 of them did not develop it .Of the 54 hypertensive nephrotic syndrome children, 15 of them (28.%) required three anti hypertensives to control the pressure, while 19 (35%) and 20 (37%) required single and dual anti hypertensives respectively.Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension is increasing among the children with nephrotic syndrome. Its more prevalent among the male then female FRNS, SRNS and SDNS are more prone to develop hypertension and also they needed two or more antihypertensives to control the hypertension, whereas hypertension in SSNS could be managed with single drug.
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Porokeratosis involving the genitalia can occur as part of generalized porokeratosis with genital involvement or as localized porokeratosis that is confined to the genital area. Porokeratosis confined to the genitalia [genital porokeratosis] is considered as an extremely rare entity and is classified as classic or plaque-type porokeratosis of Mibelli. Here, we report a 42-year-old male presenting with the itchy genital porokeratosis. This case has been presented for its classical presentation and rarity
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Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the dreaded complications among the diabetic patients which are disabling, leading to repeated hospitalizations and even amputation, drastically reducing the quality of life. Hence proper management of diabetic foot infections by choosing appropriate antibiotic is crucial. The aim of the study: This study was undertaken to know about the prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in Diabetic foot ulcers and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern to aid in the effective treatment of infection. Materials and methods: A total of 200 Pus samples were collected from the patients admitted and/ or attending in-patient or out-patient departments of Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital. Only Enterobacteriaceae were isolated and antibiotic sensitivity testing was done according to CLSI guidelines. All the isolates were screened for ESBL and confirmed by phenotypic confirmatory tests. Results: A total of 60 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from diabetic foot ulcer patients among which 27 (45%) isolates were ESBL producers. ESBL production is predominantly seen in E.coli (48.1%) followed by Klebsiella (44.4%), P. mirabilis (3.3%) and P. vulgaris (3.3%). ESBL producers were sensitive to Imipenam (88.9%), Amikacin (77.8%) and Gentamicin (55.6%) whereas highly resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxyclav, Cefuroxime and Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: This study shows the higher prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in diabetic foot ulcers. Imipenam, Amikacin and Gentamicin can be used for empirical treatment but early identification and treatment according to antibiotic sensitivity pattern helps in preventing the emergence and propagation of multidrug resistance strains.
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Coloboma of the eyelids, lens, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina and/or optic nerve arise from failed or incomplete closure of the embryonic fi ssure during development. A ocular colobomas may extend from the pupillary frill of the iris anteriorly to the optic disc posteriorly. Th e ocular colobomata may be associated with many systemic and ocular congenital anomalies. A coloboma can occur in one eye (unilateral) or both eyes (bilateral). People with coloboma may have no vision problems or may be blind, depending on severity. We report a case of unilateral typical coloboma of the iris, retina, and choroid associated with heterochromia of the iris.
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Background: Magnesium is a physiologic cation that blocks neuromuscular transmission and does not allow the nerve to be stimulated. This study investigates the effect of adding magnesium sulfate to 0.5% bupivacaine to extend the duration of sensory and motor blocks of the supraclavicular brachial plexus in orthopedic surgeries of the upper extremities. Methods: This controlled randomized double-blind study was performed on patients who were candidates for orthopedic surgery of the upper extremities. A total of 60 patients between 18 and 60 years with ASA Class 1 or 2 participated in the study. One Group M received 0.5% bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) with magnesium sulfate 20% (3 ml) as the case group, while the second Group P received 0.5% bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) with normal saline (3 ml) as a placebo to block the supraclavicular brachial plexus using nerve locator. The duration of the sensory and motor block of the supraclavicular brachial plexus was monitored and evaluated using the pinprick and modifi ed Bromage scale. Results: A total of 60 patients were included in the study with 30 patients having received 0.5% bupivacaine plus magnesium and the other 30 patients having received 0.5% bupivacaine plus normal saline. The mean sensory block duration in the case Group M was 249±9.36 and in control Group P was 160±5.62 (p<0.39). The mean motor block duration in the case Group M was 232±9.64 and in control Group P was 147±26.52 (both p<0.32). The mean onset of sensory block in case Group M was 15.5±2.16 and the onset block in control Group P was 12.73±1.18 (p<0.49; statistically not signifi cant). The mean onset of motor block in case Group M was 23.5±1.1 and the onset block in control Group P was 41±3 (p<0.53; statistically not signifi cant). Conclusions: The addition of magnesium sulfate to 0.5% bupivacaine increased the duration of motor and sensory supraclavicular brachial block in the upper extremities during surgeries when compared to the use of 0.5% bupivacaine alone, though statistically not signifi cant, but defi nitely in clinically signifi cant proportions.
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Staphylococcus aureus avoid innate immune responses including phagocytosis is crucial for the organism to cause infection. This process involves several secreted and cell-surface-associated proteins. In this study I identified the action of plant compounds on Iron regulated surface protein using docking studies with homology modeled Surface protein. Through the modeled protein, the flexible Docking study was performed with plant derived compounds with theoretically predicted active sites. The results indicated that amino acid CYS-88, TYR-112 and LEU-113 present in Iron regulated surface protein are core important for binding activities and these residues are having strong hydrogen bond interactions with compounds. I have investigated the plant derived compounds like vannillic interactions and scoring parameters in GOLD, and the GOLD score results are interesting. Our results may be helpful for further investigations in both in vivo and in vitro conditions.
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Background & objectives: Antiretroviral drug concentrations are important determinants of clinical response to a drug accounting for both toxicity and efficacy. Several factors such as age, ethnicity, body weight and patients’ immune status may influence antiretroviral drug concentrations. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of immunological status, sex and body mass index on the steady state pharmacokinetics of lamivudine (3TC) and stavudine (d4T) in HIV-infected adults, who were undergoing treatment with generic fixed dose combinations (FDC) of these drugs in India. Methods: Twenty seven HIV-1 infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) for at least two weeks at the Government ART clinic at Tambaram, Chennai, took part in the study. Serial blood samples were collected predosing and at different time points after drug administration. Plasma 3TC and d4T levels were estimated by HPLC. Results: The patients’ immune status, sex or body mass index had no impact on the pharmacokinetics of 3TC. In the case of d4T, peak concentration was significantly lower in patients with CD4 cell counts < 200 cells/μl than those with ≥ 200 cells/ μl (P < 0.05), but were within the therapeutic range. The mean CD4 cell counts increased from 101 cells/μl at initiation of ART to 366 cells/μl at 12 months of treatment. Interpretation & conclusions: Blood levels of 3TC and d4T drugs that are part of generic FDCs commonly used by HIV-infected individuals in India were within the therapeutic range and not influenced by nutritional or immune status. There was a significant improvement in CD4 cell counts over 12 months of treatment. Indian generic FDCs manufactured and used widely in the developing world provide effective concentrations of antiretroviral drugs.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/blood , Adult , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Female , Drug Combinations , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1 , Humans , India , Lamivudine/blood , Lamivudine/pharmacokinetics , Lamivudine/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Stavudine/blood , Stavudine/pharmacokinetics , Stavudine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: AIDS and its associated gastrointestinal complications may impair the absorption of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs. Impaired absorption of anti-TB drugs could lead to low drug exposure, which might contribute to acquired drug resistance and reduced effectiveness of anti-TB treatment. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the status of absorption of rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) in asymptomatic HIV- positive individuals, who are less immunocompromised. The D-xylose absorption test was also carried out to assess the absorptive capacity of intestive. METHODS: The absorption of RMP, INH and D-xylose was studied in 15 asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals with CD4 cell counts>350 cells/mm3 and 16 healthy volunteers, after oral administration of single doses of RMP (450 mg), INH (300 mg) and D-xylose (5 g). Urine was collected up to 8 h after drug administration. Percentage dose of the drugs and their metabolites and D-xylose excreted in urine were calculated. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the urinary excretion of INH and D-xylose in HIV-positive persons compared to healthy volunteers was observed. The per cent dose of RMP and its metabolite, desacetyl RMP was also lower in HIV-positive persons compared to healthy volunteers, but this difference was not statistically significant. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Decreased urinary excretion of D-xylose and INH are suggestive of intestinal malabsorption in HIV-positive individuals. HIV infection could cause malabsorption of anti-TB drugs even at an early stage of the disease. The clinical implications of these findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.