ABSTRACT
Jugular foramen is a large irregular hiatus at the base of the skull which transmits a large number of important structures. Any abnormality of jugular foramen and associated jugular fossa may impart damage to these structures. Aim of the present study was to analyse the shape, size, presence of septa, presence of a domed bony roof and bilateral symmetry of the Jugular foramen in dry adult skulls of males and females in the central Indian population. METHODSA total of 120 skull jugular foramina and jugular fossae were examined, by two different researchers to avoid observer errors. Parameters studied were anteroposterior and transverse diameters of jugular foramen, width and depth of jugular fossa, presence of bony septum etc. Data was collected and analysed using statistical software. RESULTSAntero-posterior and transverse diameters of right jugular foramen were found to be more than left one. Complete septation of jugular foramen was observed in 1.67 % and 2.5 % skulls on right and left side respectively. Bony roof or dome of jugular fossa was observed in 30 %, 17.5 % and 16.67 % on the right side, the left side, and bilaterally respectively. In 10.83 % skulls, we found an accessory foramen connecting jugular foramen to anterior condylar canal. CONCLUSIONSDetailed knowledge of various anomalies of jugular fossa and jugular foramen should be kept in mind while doing surgery by neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons. Radiologists also should keep these points in the mind while interpreting CT and MRI scans.
ABSTRACT
Background: Pregnancy and birth are nature‟s finest marvel wherein perfect symbiosis between the two individuals protects the little and weak one and also allows the propagation of genetic prototype of the other individual generation after generation. Placenta acts as a mirror which reflects intrauterine status of fetus. Placenta has an undisputed role in foetal development but still is grossly neglected organ which is equal to liver, lung and kidney in function. Methods: Placentae collected from labor rooms and operation theatres were studied for various parameters like weight, surface area, volume, area of calcification and infarction, number of cotyledons etc. Birth weight of babies was also noted, feto-placental weight ratio and placental coefficient was calculated. Results: Average placental weight being 490.5 gm (range 295-660 gm). Placenta of male baby was found to be slightly heavier as compared to female babies. Birth weight of male babies was also more than female babies. Average placental surface area was found to be 225.5 sq. cm. Mean placental volume was recorded as 450.5 cu. cm. Foeto-placental weight ratio was found to be 5.41:1 irrespective of sex of the baby, 5.61:1 in case of male baby and 5.40:1 for female babies. Conclusion: The placenta is a mirror which reflects intrauterine status of the fetus.