ABSTRACT
Background@#Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a complication that occurs in patients undergoing an imaging procedure with intravenous injection of contrast media, most notably iodinated dyes. Fluorescein angiography is a diagnostic procedure performed by ophthalmologists to determine abnormalities in retinal blood vessels. It uses sodium fluorescein, an organic dye, to capture and visualize these blood vessels. There have been conflicting data and practices on how to approach the procedure especially in patients with renal insufficiency.@*Objective@#To determine the risk of CIN among patients undergoing fluorescein angiography. @*Methods@#We searched PubMed, HerdIn, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, for published articles on the topic. Other sources were searched for unpublished data or ongoing clinical trials. All research articles pertaining to fluorescein angiography and its effect on renal function with serum creatinine monitoring were included. Two independent authors separately screened records, assessed full texts, and extracted data. We used RevMan computer software to analyze data from the included studies. The primary outcome was the risk of CIN among patients undergoing fluorescein angiography based on the differences on serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rates pre- and post-angiography, while the secondary outcome included risk factors for CIN.@*Results@#A total of 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Four studies had poor quality as assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. One study was deemed to have good quality. Data analysis showed that hemoglobin (p = 0.002) and albumin (p < 0.001) levels may be associated with CIN using sodium fluorescein but were not independent risk factors for CIN (multivariable logistic regression, p = 0.648 and p = 0.069, respectively); while sex, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were not significantly associated. As a primary outcome, only 6.8% of included patients had CIN with serum creatinine levels post-exposure showed significant differences from baseline values (mean difference 0.05; 95% CI 0.02, 0.07; I2 = 49%), but translating it to eGFR yielded non-significant differences (mean difference -0.37; 95% CI -2.33, 1.59; I2 = 0%).@*Conclusion@#Among patients undergoing fluorescein angiography, sodium fluorescein does not pose an increased risk for CIN.