ABSTRACT
Background: Carcinoma of cervix is one of the most common cause of cancer related deaths among women in developing countries. Adoptions of healthy life style and extensive screening by Conventional Pap smear followed by early intervention have resulted in decline in death rates by cervical cancer. Aims: The aim of this study was to know the incidence of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of cervix in various age groups by using Conventional Pap smear. Methods: A retrospective observational study carried out in the Department of Pathology, Chirayu Medical College & Hospital, Bhopal from January to April 2018. All the cases (n= 268), from May 2015 to April 2018, reported in Conventional Pap smear as preneoplastic lesions and invasive malignancies were retrieved from hospital medical record and Lab Information System (LIS). Results: Highest number of cases 93 (34.7%) of both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions were found in the age range of 41-50 years. We had 19 cases (7%) of preneoplastic lesions and zero cases of invasive malignancy in the age range of 21-30 years, 31 cases (11.5%) of both preneoplastic and invasive malignancy in >60 years of age. Conclusion: Conventional Pap smear is cost effective, simple and easily applicable method which can be performed on OPD basis. It should start at a younger age so that preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions can be diagnosed in an early stage.
ABSTRACT
Background:The recent research on "fetal programming hypothesis" has totally revived the mechanistic understanding of triggering factors responsible for development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). As deranged lipid profile is associated with increased predisposition to atherosclerotic CVDs, we planned to study effect of fetal maturity and birth weight on umbilical cord blood lipid profile. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study including 200 neonates satisfying inclusion criteria was carried out. The umbilical cord blood samples of selected neonates were collected and analysed for lipid profile (Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C)) in order to be compared among groups of neonates based on maturity and birth weight. Results: The preterm neonates had statistically significant higher levels of umbilical cord blood TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C (with P values of 0.025, 0.001, 0.045, 0.007 and 0.045 respectively) while lower but statistically insignificant (p value of 0.131) levels of HDL-C in as compared to full term neonates. The low birth weight neonates also had statistically significant higher levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C (P values of 0.001, 0.032, 0.00001 and 0.032 respectively) but statistically significant (P value of 0.034) lower levels of HDL-C in umbilical cord blood as compared to normal birth weight neonates. Conclusion: The results suggest that prematurity as well as low birth weight have deleterious effect on umbilical cord blood lipid profile resulting in more atherogenic lipid levels. This could be regarded a triggering factor responsible for development of CVDs in later life. This observation not only conciliates with fetal programming hypothesis but also indicates that its effect is evident (in the form of altered lipid profile) even at the birth in such programmed neonates.