ABSTRACT
The complexity of the development history, culture and system of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) deeply affect its inheritance, innovation and development. From the perspective of complexity, and based on the framework of "situation-theory-tool", this paper analyzed the complexity and dilemma of TCM governance. The complexity of TCM governance requires continuous adjustment of the governance system. On the one hand, the optimization of the government governance system should clarify the relationship between power and responsibility, and stimulate the endogenous power of local governments. On the other hand, the concept of "collaborative governance" should be used to realize the resource integration and functional synergy of different subjects in the horizontal structure of TCM governance, and enhance the capability of joint action.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To study industry-university-resear ch cooperation model and network evolution characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in China ，and to provide decision-making basis for pharmaceutical innovation cooperation. METHODS：Using social network analysis method ，based on industry-university-research cooperation patent data of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry during 1998-2019，the patent cooperation network of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in China was established，and the structural parameters were calculated and evolution regularity of the network were analyzed. RESULTS ： Industry-university-research cooperation patents in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry were affected by drug innovation policies. The scale of innovation network in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry was expanding day by day ；the density of innovation network was decreasing gradually ；it was not characterized with typical small world features. CONCLUSIONS ：It is suggested to strengthen the scientific and technological support to the core innovation subjects （universities and research institutions），and improve the cooperation with enterprises ；optimize the drug innovation policy environment ，encourage more innovation subjects to participate in the drug R&D process ；construct a platform for industry-university-research collaborative innovation，build drug R&D mechanism which can promote industry-university-research cooperation ，reduce the number of intermediaries in cooperation ，optimize the allocation of drug R&D resources and promote cooperative innovation of enterprises.