Wettability and adhesion of nanotubes applied to the surface of titanium implants by anodic oxidation

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the wettability and adhesion of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes formed on the surface of 8 commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) disks and 12 dental implants (n = 12) by anodization in a glycerol-H2O (50-50 v/v) electrolyte containing NH4F. Two disk specimens were not submitted to anodization (controls). The nanotubes thus obtained had average dimensions of 50 nm in diameter by 900 nm in length. The treated disk specimens were stored for 2, 14 and 35 days (n = 2), and the wettability of their surfaces was evaluated with a goniometer at the end of each storing period. The adhesion of nanotubes to titanium was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy after subjecting the 12 implants to a simulation of clinical stress in two-part synthetic bone blocks. After installing the implants with the application of an insertion torque, the two halves of the block were separated, and the implants were removed. The nanotubes remained adhered to the substrate, with no apparent deformation. The contact angles after 14 days and 35 days were 16.47° and 17.97°, respectively, values significantly higher than that observed at 2 days, which was 9.24° (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the method of anodic oxidation tested promoted the formation of a surface suitable for clinical use, containing nanotubes with levels of wettability and adhesion to titanium compatible with those obtained by other methods found in the literature. The wettability, however, did not prove stable over the tested storage periods.

Clinical and microbiological evaluation of non-surgical periodontal therapy in obese and non-obese individuals with periodontitis: a 9-month prospective longitudinal study

Abstract Objective Obesity is a chronic disease that negatively affects an individual's general and oral health. The present study aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy with the full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol on obese and non-obese individuals at 9 months post-therapy. Methodology This clinical study was first submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee. Fifty-five obese patients and 39 non-obese patients with periodontitis were evaluated. The full-mouth periodontal clinical parameters, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were monitored at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months after periodontal treatment with full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol. The mean count of Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Treponema Denticola , and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on subgingival biofilm samples. Demographic data were assessed by Chi-square test. For clinical and microbiological parameters, two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was used. Results In both groups, periodontal therapy using the one-stage full-mouth disinfection protocol significantly improved CAL, PD, GI, and PI (p<0.05). Obese and non-obese patients equally responded to non-surgical periodontal therapy (p>0.05). Microbial count found no major differences (p>0.05) between obese and non-obese individuals who had undergone non-surgical periodontal therapy. Conclusions Obesity did not affect the clinical and microbiological outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Effects of chlorhexidine preprocedural rinse on bacteremia in periodontal patients: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: Single dose of systemic antibiotics and short-term use of mouthwashes reduce bacteremia. However, the effects of a single dose of preprocedural rinse are still controversial. This study evaluated, in periodontally diseased patients, the effects of a pre-procedural mouth rinse on induced bacteremia. Material and Methods: Systemically healthy individuals with gingivitis (n=27) or periodontitis (n = 27) were randomly allocated through a sealed envelope system to: 0.12% chlorhexidine pre-procedural rinse (13 gingivitis and 13 periodontitis patients) or no rinse before dental scaling (14 gingivitis and 15 periodontitis patients). Periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque, and gingival indices were measured and subgingival samples were collected. Blood samples were collected before dental scaling, 2 and 6 minutes after scaling. Total bacterial load and levels of P. gingivalis were determined in oral and blood samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction, while aerobic and anaerobic counts were determined by culture in blood samples. The primary outcome was the antimicrobial effect of the pre-procedural rinse. Data was compared by Mann-Whitney and Signal tests (p<0.05). Results: In all sampling times, polymerase chain reaction revealed higher blood bacterial levels than culture (p<0.0001), while gingivitis patients presented lower bacterial levels in blood than periodontitis patients (p<0.0001). Individuals who experienced bacteremia showed worse mean clinical attachment level (3.4 mm vs. 1.1 mm) and more subgingival bacteria (p<0.005). The pre-procedural rinse did not reduce induced bacteremia. Conclusions: Bacteremia was influenced by periodontal parameters. In periodontally diseased patients, pre-procedural rinsing showed a discrete effect on bacteremia control.

Frequency of periodontal pathogens and Helicobacter pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objectives This cross-sectional study compared the frequency of oral periodontopathogens and H. pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals with or without periodontitis submitted to bariatric surgery. Material and Methods One hundred and fifty-four men and women aged 18-65 were conveniently distributed into four groups. Two groups were composed of individuals who underwent bariatric surgery with (BP) (n=40) and without (BNP) (n=39) periodontitis and two obese control groups with (CP) (n=35) and without (CNP) (n=40) periodontitis. The oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and Helicobacter pylori were detected by a polymerase chain reaction technique using saliva, tongue and stomach biopsy samples. Results Statistical analysis demonstrated that periodontopathogens were highly frequent in the mouth (up to 91.4%). In the bariatric surgically treated group, orally, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were more frequent in periodontitis, while C. rectus was more frequent in non-periodontitis subjects. Stomach biopsies also revealed the high frequency of five oral species in both candidates for bariatric surgery (91.6%) and the bariatric (83.3%) groups. H. pylori was frequently detected in the mouth (50.0%) and stomach (83.3%). In the stomach, oral species and H. pylori appeared in lower frequency in the bariatric group. Conclusions Obese individuals showed high frequencies of periodontopathogens and H. pylori in their mouths and stomachs. Bariatric surgery showed an inverse microbial effect on oral and stomach environments by revealing higher oral and lower stomach bacterial frequencies.

Avaliação clínica periodontal em indivíduos portadores de síndrome de down / Periodontal clinical evaluation in individuals with Down Syndrome

A doença periodontal é causada por fatores etiológicos locais, especialmente o biofilme dentário, alguns tipos de distúrbios sistêmicos podem reduzir ou alterar a resposta do hospedeiro e, então, predispor a alterações periodontais. A dificuldade na escovação é um fator importante para o surgimento da doença periodontal em adolescentes com Síndrome de Down. O objetivo foi avaliar os parâmetros clínicos periodontais em indivíduos portadores de Síndrome de Down. Foram avaliados um total de 44 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros e faixa etária de 13 à 24 anos, 22 indivíduos apresentavam Síndrome de Down e 22 sem síndrome. Parâmetros periodontais como profundidade de sondagem, índice de placa e de sangramento foram mensurados. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos, grupo 1 com Síndrome de Down, média de idade de 17,8 anos e grupo 2 com indivíduos sem síndrome e com média de idade de 17,7 anos. O grupo 1 teve 2.17 mm de média de profundidade de sondagem, enquanto o grupo 2 teve média de 2,59 mm. Para o índice de placa, foi observada 31,8% dos indivíduos do grupo 1 enquanto no grupo 2 em 54,5%. Para o índice de sangramento a sondagem, observou-se que 40,9% dos indivíduos do grupo 1 tinham sangramento a sondagem e no grupo 2 59,1% apresentavam sangramento, com diferença estatística entre os grupos (p<0,05). Os indivíduos com Síndrome de Down apresentaram parâmetros clínicos periodontais compatíveis com saúde periodontal e quando comparados com indivíduos saudáveis não apresentam diferenças clinicas.

Periodontal disease is caused by local etiological factors, particularly the dental biofilm, some types of systemic disorders may reduce or alter the host response and then predisposes to periodontal changes. The difficulty in brushing is an important factor for the onset of periodontal disease in adolescents with Down syndrome. The objective was to evaluate the clinical periodontal parameters in individuals with Down syndrome. We evaluated a total of 44 individuals of both genders and aged 13 to 24 years, 22 subjects had Down syndrome and 22 without the syndrome. Periodontal parameters such as probing depth, plaque index and bleeding were measured. The subjects were divided into two groups, group 1 with Down Syndrome, mean age of 17.8 years and group 2 with individuals without the syndrome and with a mean age of 17.7 years. Group 1 was 2.17 mm average probing depth, while group 2 had a mean of 2.59 mm. For plaque index, it was observed 31.8% of subjects in Group 1 while in group 2 was 54.5%. For the survey bleeding index, it was observed that 40.9% of Group 1 subjects had bleeding on probing and group 2 59.1% had bleeding, with no statistical difference between the groups (p <0.05). We conclude that individuals with Down syndrome showed better gingival bleeding rates than those without dental syndrome by receiving periodic treatment in the educational institution they attend.

Avaliação clínica da raspagem dental em associação ao uso de azitromicina ou clorexidina no tratamento periodontal por meio de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado / Clinical evaluation of scaling and root planing associated with azithromycin or chlorhexidine: a randomized controlled clinical trial

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, a efetividade da técnica one stage full mouth disinfection (FMD) e sua associação com clorexidina ou azitromicina em relação à raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante (RAR) associada à clorexidina e azitromicina sob uma perspectiva clínica (avaliação da profundidade de sondagem e nível clínico de inserção). Neste ensaio clínico controlado randomizado foram avaliados 77 indivíduos divididos em 6 grupos: FMD-CX (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h associada à clorexidina n= 15), FMD (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h– n=10), FMD-AZ (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h + azitromicina – n=15), RAR-AZ (raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante em intervalos semanais + azitromicina – n=11), RAR-CX (raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante, em intervalos semanais + clorexidina – n=13), RAR (raspagem e alisamento radicular, por quadrantes, em intervalos semanais – n=13). Os parâmetros clínicos foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) baseado em um planejamento para medidas repetidas e teste de comparações múltiplas de médias. O grupo FMD-CX mostrou maior redução da profundidade de sondagem e ganho do nível clínico de inserção que os demais. Os grupos que utilizaram azitromicina não mostraram melhores resultados clínicos. Pode-se concluir que a utilização da clorexidina nos grupos FMD-CX e RAR-CX mostrou melhores resultados clínicos. Por outro lado, a utilização da azitromicina não apresentou melhorias nesses parâmetros.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, through randomized controlled clinical trial, the effectiveness of the technique one stage full mouth disinfection (FMD) and its association with chlorhexidine or azithromycin compared to scaling and root planing per quadrant (RAR) associated with chlorhexidine and azithromycin under a clinical perspective (assessment of probing depth and clinical attachment level). In this randomized controlled trial were evaluated 77 patients divided into 6 groups: FMD-CX (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 h associated with chlorhexidine n = 15), FMD (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 h - n = 10), FMD-AZ (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 h + azithromycin - n = 15), RAR-AZ (scaling and root planing per quadrant at weekly intervals azithromycin + - n = 11), RAR-CX (scaling and root planing per quadrant, at weekly intervals chlorhexidine + - n = 13), RAR (scaling and root planing, per quadrant, at weekly intervals - n = 13). The clinical parameters were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on a planning for repeated measures and multiple comparisons of means test. The FMD-CX group showed greater reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level than the others. Groups using azithromycin did not show improved clinical outcomes. It can be conclude that the use of chlorhexidine groups FMD-CX and CX-RAR showed the best clinical results. On the other hand, the use of azithromycin in these parameters showed no improvement.

Salivary and microbiological parameters of chronic periodontitis subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study / Parâmetros salivares e microbiológicos em indivíduos com periodontite crônica com ou sem diabetes melito tipo 2: estudo caso-controle

Background: Several studies have investigated the differences in salivary parameters and microbial composition between diabetic and non-diabetic patients, however, specific differences are still not clear mainly due to the effects of confounder. Aim: The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the salivary and microbial parameters of chronic periodontitis subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and method: This case-control study included 60 chronic periodontitis subjects, 30 diabetics (case group) and 30 non-diabetics (control group), paired according to periodontitis severity, gender and age. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from all volunteers to measure the salivary pH and the salivary flow rate. Bacterial samples were collected with paper points from periodontal sites showing the deepest periodontal pocket depth associated with the highest clinical attachment loss. The frequency of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. rectus was evaluated by PCR. Data was statistically analyzed by Student's t, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square (p<0.05). Result: Diabetic subjects showed higher salivary glucose levels and lower stimulated flow rates in comparison to non-diabetic controls. P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were the most frequent pathogens (p<0.05). Bacterial frequency did not differ between case and control groups. Conclusion: Diabetes status influenced salivary glucose levels and flow rate. Within the same severity of chronic periodontitis, diabetic subjects did not show higher frequency of periodontal pathogens in comparison to their paired controls. .

Introdução : Diversos estudos têm investigado as diferenças dos parâmetros salivares e microbianos entre pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos, contudo, diferenças específicas ainda não estão claras, principalmente devido aos efeitos de variáveis de confusão. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo caso-controle foi avaliar os parâmetros salivares e microbianos de indivíduos com doença periodontal crônica com ou sem diagnóstico de diabetes melito tipo 2. Material e método: Este estudo caso-controle incluiu 60 indivíduos com periodontite crônica, 30 diabéticos (casos) e 30 não diabéticos (controles), pareados pela severidade da doença periodontal, gênero e idade. Saliva total estimulada foi coletada de todos os voluntários para mensuração do pH salivar e fluxo salivar. Amostras bacterianas foram coletadas com pontas de papel absorvente dos sítios periodontais com maior profundidade de sondagem e perda de inserção clínica. A frequência de A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia e C. rectus foi avaliada por PCR. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste t de Student, Mann -Whitney e Qui-quadrado (p < 0,05). Resultado: Diabéticos apresentaram maior nível de glicose salivar e menor fluxo salivar em comparação aos não diabéticos. P. gingivalis e T. forsythia foram os patógenos mais frequentes (p < 0,05). Frequência bacteriana não diferiu entre os casos e controles. Conclusão: A condição diabetes influenciou o fluxo e os níveis de glicose salivar. Dentro da mesma severidade da periodontite crônica, indivíduos diabéticos não mostraram maior frequência de patógenos periodontais em comparação aos seus controles. .

Níveis comparativos pré- e pós-tratamento de CSV, carga bacteriana total subgengival e sangramento gengival / Pre-and post-treatment comparative levels of VSC, subgingival total bacterial load and gingival bleeding

O objetivo deste ensaio clínico randomizado de 3 meses de duração foi avaliar os efeitos da combinação de procedimentos mecânicos e químicos sobre os níveis de sangramento gengival, Compostos Sulfurados Voláteis (CSV) e carga total bacteriana de pacientes com gengivite. Sessenta voluntários sistemicamente saudáveis com gengivite foram divididos em dois grupos: raspagem profissional associada ao uso diário de óleos essenciais (20ml/2x/dia) ou solução placebo (20ml/2x/dia). Todos os participantes receberam instruções de higiene bucal. Índice de sangramento gengival, carga bacteriana total subgengival (PCR em tempo real) e concentrações de CSV (dosador portátil Halimeter) foram mensurados antes e 90 dias após o tratamento gengival. Os dados foram comparados estatisticamente pelos teste t-Student e teste t-pareado (p < 0,05). Resultados: Finalizaram o estudo 27 indivíduos no grupo teste e 25 no grupo placebo. A carga bacteriana total e o IG reduziram mais evidentemente no grupo teste do que no grupo placebo. No grupo teste os valores médios de CSV reduziram de 94,62ppb (inicial) para 62,19ppb (3 meses) enquanto no grupo placebo eles se mantiveram estáveis entre as mensurações inicial (93,46ppb) e de 3 meses (95,00ppb). Conclusões: o tratamento gengival seguido de 90 dias de uso de solução de óleos essenciais acarretou melhora dos parâmetros monitorados, IG, carga total bacteriana e CSV.

The aim of this 3-month randomized clinical study was to evaluate the effects of the combination of mechanical and chemical procedures over the levels of gingival bleeding, VSC and total bacterial load in patients with gingivitis. Sixty systemically healthy individuals with gingivitis were randomized in two groups: professional debridement along with the daily use of essential oils (20ml/2x/day) or of a placebo solution (20ml/2x/day). All participants received oral hygiene instructions. Gingival Index, total bacterial load (real time PCR) and VSC concentration (portable Halimeter) were measured at baseline and at 90 days after gingival treatment. Data were statistically compared by Student-t test and paired-t test (p < 0.05). Results: Twenty-seven individuals finished the study in the test group and 25 in the placebo group. Total bacterial load and GI were greatest reduced in the test group than in the placebo group. Mean VSC values in the test group were reduced from 94,62ppb (at baseline) to 62,19ppb (3 months) while in the placebo group measures continued stable between baseline (93,46ppb) and (95,00ppb) 3-month examinations. Conclusions: Gingival treatment followed by the use of essential oils for 90 days lead to an improvement in the monitored parameters, GI, total bacterial load and VSC.

Avaliação clínica periodontal de indivíduos portadores de aparelhos ortodônticos com braquetes convencionais e autoligáveis / Evaluation of periodontal clinical parameters of patients with orthodontic appliances with conventional and self-ligating brackets

O acúmulo de biofilme dental proporcionado pela presença dos aparelhos ortodônticos pode, em alguns casos, iniciar ou manter quadros patológicos de gengivite e periodontite. Com o aprimoramento das técnicas e materiais, surgiram no mercado os braquetes autoligáveis que não necessitam de ligaduras elásticas ou metálicas para manter o fio em posição. Sabe-se que a presença e a degradação elástica podem acentuar a quantidade de biofilme acumulado. O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar qual o grau de comprometimento periodontal verificado com o uso de braquetes convencionais (de ligadura elástica) e braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados 32 voluntários: 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes convencionais e 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos periodontais como profundidade de sondagem (PS), índice de placa (IP) e índice gengival (IG). Os resultados mostraram valores de PS semelhantes, sem diferença entre os grupos. Para IP e IG foi observada diferença estatística apenas quando avaliada a presença de biofilme junto ao braquete, sendo maior nos indivíduos com aparelhos convencionais (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a retenção de biofilme junto ao braquete é maior nos aparelhos convencionais, devido à necessária incorporação de elementos de ligadura no sistema de união braquete-fio e que avaliações em longo prazo permitirão verificar condições semelhantes em pacientes com uso estendido de aparelhos ortodônticos

The accumulation of biofilm provided by the presence of orthodontic appliances may, in some cases, initiate or maintain pathological gingivitis and periodontitis. With the improvement of techniques and materials, have emerged in the market ligating that do not require metal or elastic bandages to keep the wire in place. It is known that the presence and elastic degradation can enhance the amount of accumulated biofilm. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of periodontal involvement checked using conventional brackets (for ligation) and ligating. We evaluated 32 subjects: 16 individuals with devices with conventional brackets and 16 individuals with ligating appliances. We evaluated clinical periodontal parameters such as probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI). The results showed similar values of PS, with no difference between groups. For IP and IG, statistical difference was observed only when the presence of biofilm assessed by the bracket, being higher in individuals with braces (p <0.05). Concluded that the retention bracket along the biofilm is higher in conventional devices, because the necessary incorporation of elements of the system ligation bracket-wire bonding, and long-term evaluations will check conditions similar in patients with extended use of apparatus orthodontics.

Avaliação dos cuidados odontológicos pré e trans tratamento radioterápico / Evaluation of dental care pre and trans radiotherapy

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, através de questionários, se pacientes irradiados na cabeça e pescoço receberam adequadamente os cuidados odontológicos antes e durante o tratamento radioterápico para minimizar ou prevenir tais efeitos e também avaliar os hábitos de higiene bucal desses pacientes. Foram avaliados 21 pessoas em tratamento no Hospital Frei Galvão, Guaratinguetá/SP. Destes, sete realizaram aplicações por 15 dias (1 a 20 aplicações), sete por 30 dias (21 a 30 aplicações) e sete por 60 dias (31 a 40 aplicações). Dos 21 pacientes, 16 (76,1%) eram do gênero masculino e 5 (23,8%) do gênero feminino, os resultados demonstraram que 15 (71,4%) passaram por tratamento odontológico antes do tratamento radioterápico; 18 (85,7%) referiram efeitos da radiação, sendo os mais citados: xerostomia 17 (80,9%), disgeusia 17 (80,9%) e manchas ou irritações na pele 14 (66,6%). Em relação à higiene bucal 8 (38,10%) escovam os dentes três vezes ao dia, apenas 5 (23,8%) realizaram raspagem periodontal nos últimos 6 meses. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a radiação afetou um percentual significativo da amostra causando algum dano bucal; apesar da maioria dos pacientes realizarem tratamento odontológico antes do tratamento radioterápico apenas um se consultou durante a realização do mesmo. O conhecimento sobre higiene bucal ficou aquém do esperado

The aim of this study was to evaluate through questionnaires if patients irradiated in the head and neck, properly received dental care before and during radiotherapy treatment in order to prevent or minimize such effects and evaluate the oral hygiene habits realized. Out of 21 patients under treatment at Frei Galvão Hospital (Guaratinguetá/SP), 7 realized applications for 15 days (1 to 20 applications), 7 for 30 days (21 to 30 applications) and 7 for 60 days (31 to 40 applications). Among the 21 participants, 16 (76.1%) were male and 5 (23.8%) were female. Results showed that 15 (71.4%) underwent dental treatment before radiotherapy; 18 (85.7%) reported effects of radiation being the most cited: xerostomia 17 (80.9%), dysgeusia 17 (80.9%) and blemishes or skin irritation 14 (66.6%). Regarding oral hygiene 8 (38.10%) brush their teeth three times a day, only 5 (23.8%) underwent periodontal scaling 6 months prior to radiation. Thus, it was concluded that radiation affected a significant percentage of the sample causing some oral damage; although most patients have been treated before radiotherapy only one was monitored during it. Knowledge about oral hygiene was less than expected.

Avaliação da eficácia clínica e microbiana de dois protocolos terapêuticos periodontais / Clinical and microbial efficacy of two periodontal therapeutic protocols

O objetivo principal deste ensaio clínico randomizado foi o de avaliar a efetividade clínica e microbiana da terapia de raspagem dental realizada por quadrante em relação a raspagem dental em estágio único. Para responder este objetivo foram incluídos 20 indivíduos com periodontite crônica avançada distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos a saber: Grupo 1 (10 indivíduos-Raspagem Quadrante), Grupo 2 (10 indivíduos-Raspagem Estágio Único). Mensurações longitudinais foram realizadas durante todo o ensaio confrontando parâmetros clínicos de profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção clínica para avaliação das terapias. Análise microbiana quantitativa (qPCR) da espécie A. actinomycetemcomitans e P. gingivalis em função do evento “raspagem dental” foi realizada em toda a população do estudo nas etapas pré raspagem [T0] e pós raspagem [T1]. As amostras intrassulculares para a análise do qPCR foram coletadas dos cinco dentes com maior evidência de atividade de doença periodontal ou seja, com as maiores profundidades de sondagem associadas a perda de inserção clínica. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por teste t pareado (p<0.05). Os resultados mostraram que em ambos os grupos houve uma melhora clínica tanto do parâmetro profundidade de sondagem quanto do nível de inserção clinica, já para a frequência dos patógenos testados verificou-se que similarmente ocorreu redução microbiana nos dois grupos investigados. Após análise dos dados conclui-se que ambos protocolos terapêuticos aqui investigados foram eficazes tanto clínica quanto microbiologicamente

The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical and microbial effects of scaling and root planing using quadrant debridement or full-mouth debridement. A total of 20 patients diagnosed severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this survey: Ten subjects were allocated in quadrant debridement group and 10 subjects in full-mouth debridement group. Longitudinal clinical measurements such as periodontal pocket depth as well as clinical attachment loss were investigated at baseline and at 90 days in both therapies. Also, microbial analysis were performed by qPCR to detect the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. We collected subgingival samples of 5 severe site from each patient. All clinical and microbial data were analyzed by t student test (p<0.05) and the results showed that both periodontal treatment exhibited good results. Then, we concluded that both treatments provide clinical and microbial benefits for all included patients

Validation of the anti-bacteremic efficacy of an essential oil rinse in a Brazilian population: a cross-over study

This cross-over study was conducted to assess the germ-killing efficacy of an essential oil mouthrinse (EOM) by determining the blood levels of microorganisms associated with induced bacteremia and investigating the prevalence of this event in Brazilians with mild-to-moderate gingivitis. Thirty four (31.19%) subjects positive for bacteremia induced by chewing a ration of apple were enrolled out of 109 screened subjects (50 males and 59 females). A difference of at least 10 colony forming units between the pre- and post-insult blood samples was defined as a positive result. For the following two weeks patients underwent a toothbrush plus fluoride dentifrice normalization period, and were then scheduled for the Phase I protocol as follows. At baseline I, subjects were instructed to chew a new apple ration, had new blood samples taken before and after this oral stimulus, and were randomly assigned to an experimental essential oil (n = 17) or placebo (P) mouthrinse (n = 17) treatment for 2 weeks. These procedures were repeated at the end of Phase I and then followed by a two-week wash-out period (tooth brushing with fluoride dentifrice). Bacteremia was again induced at baseline and at the end of Phase II, when subjects were crossed-over to the other EOM or placebo groups. Bacterial count differences between baseline and 2-week post-treatment (EOM versus P) in the blood samples collected were assessed by analysis of covariance. Mean aerobic counts decreased by 45.8%, whereas mean anaerobic counts decreased by 63.3% after EOM treatment. After the P treatment, aerobic bacteria increased by 28.4% and anaerobic bacteria decreased by 18.5%. This study validated this novel methodology and showed that the germ-killing action of EOM significantly reduced bacteremia.

Avaliação-clínica e microbiana da técnica de desinfecção total de boca em indivíduos com periodontite crônica / Clinical and microbiological evaluations of the full-mouth disinfection protocol in chronic periodontitis subjects

A busca pela terapêutica periodontal ideal faz com que diferentes técnicas não cirúrgicas para o tratamento da doença periodontal sejam avaliadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e validade da terapêutica periodontal denominada desinfecção total de boca (full mouth disinfection) por meio de parâmetros clínicos periodontais e microbianos. Foram avaliados 470 indivíduos e de acordo com os critérios a dotados 38 indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo, com media de idade de 35,86 anos, portadores de periodontite crônica leve e moderada, e que foram avaliados em dois tempos; no início (TI) e 60 dias após execução da terapêutica (T2), observando: profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível de inserção clinica (NIC), índice de placa (lP), índice gengival (IG) e parâmetros microbianos por meio da presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg.) e Prevotella intermedia (Pi.), identificados pelo método de cultura e testes bioquímicos. Utilizou-se enxaguatório a base de clorexidina O, 12% por sete dias. Os resultados foram analisados por meio dos testes estatísticos t-student mann-whitneye qui-quadrado (p≤ 0,05). Com relação aos parâmetros clínicos foi observada redução sem diferença estatística para PS, NIC lP quando comparados TI e T2. Para IG foi observada diferença significativa. Para os parâmetros microbianos avaliados foi observada redução de Pg. e Pi., mas apenas para Pg. com redução significativa quando comprados TI e T2. A técnica de desinfecção total de boca com a metodologia aplicada neste estudo proporcionou melhora nas condições clínicas e na redução de P. gingivalis em indivíduos com periodontite leve/moderada

The search for the perfect periodontal therapy causes various non-surgical techniques for the treatment of periodontal disease are evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and validity of periodontal therapy called full-mouth disinfection (full mouth disinfection) through microbial and periodontal clinical parameters. And 470 individuals were evaluated according to the exclusion criteria 38 subJects were enrolled, with a mean age of 35.86 years, patients with mild and moderate chronic periodontitis, which were evaluated in two stages: in the beginning (T1) and 60 days after implementation of therapy (T2), noting: probing depth (PO), clinical attachment level (NIC), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and microbiological parameters through the presence of Porphyromonas gingiva/is (Pg.) andPrevotel/a intermedia (Pi), identified by the culture method. We used the basis of chlorhexidine mouthwash 0. 12% for seven days. The results were analyzed using the statistical t -student mann-whitney and chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05). With respect to clinical parameters was not statistically significant reduction observed for PS, NIC IP compared T1 and T2. For IG significant difference was observed. For the parameters evaluated was observed microbial reduction of Pg. and Pi , but only for Pg. significant reduction when purchased with T1 and T2. The technique of full-mouth disinfection with the methodology applied in this study provided an improvement in clinical condition and reduction of P gingiva/is in periodontitis patients with mild I moderate.

Avaliação dos hábitos de higiene bucal de gestantes por trimestre de gestação / Evaluation of pregnants oral hygiene habits by quarter of pregnancy

A gestação é uma fase na qual ocorrem muitas alterações no corpo da mulher e algumas delas podem explicar o aparecimento de um maior número de casos de gengivite durante esse período. No entanto, problemas periodontais podem trazer risco ao feto, como parto prematuro e baixo peso ao nascimento, portanto todo cuidado deve ser tomado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os hábitos de higiene bucal de gestantes, visto que corretos hábitos de higiene podem prevenir a manifestação de problemas periodontais e verificar a necessidade ou não de um trabalho educativo-preventivo direcionado as mães, promovendo assim melhores condições de saúde para o grupo em questão. Foram avaliados 75 pacientes gestantes de uma clínica particular da cidade de Taubaté, destas 25 estavam no primeiro, 25 no segundo e 25 no terceiro trimestre de gestação. A cada participante da pesquisa foi aplicado um questionário desenvolvido com o propósito de avaliar os hábitos de higiene bucal de cada um. Os resultados demonstraram que o retorno semestral ao dentista é realizado por apenas 36 (48%) gestantes, que a técnica de escovação preconizada é realizada por apenas 15 (20%) e que apenas 29 (38,6%) das gestantes realizaram raspagem nos últimos 6 meses. Além disso, 29 (38,6%) referiram apresentar sangramento gengival e 47 (62,6%) não foram informadas sobre as possíveis alterações bucais que podem ocorrer durante a gestação. Conclui-se que frente à junção dos aspectos múltiplos que englobam as alterações gengivais, é importante destacar a necessidade de uma avaliação geral das gestantes, além de acompanhamento odontológico durante este período.

During pregnancy many changes occur in the body of the woman and some of them may explain the appearance of a greater number of cases of gingivitis during this period. Moreover, during this period is common to decrease the oral hygiene care due to concerns about pregnancy. However, periodontal problems may bring risk to the fetus, such as premature delivery and low birth weight, so care must be taken. The objective of this study was to evaluate the oral hygiene habits of pregnant women, since proper hygiene habits can prevent the manifestation of periodontal problems and verify the necessity of an educational-preventive work focused on mothers, therefore promoting better health conditions for the group in question. We evaluated 75 pregnant patients of a private clinic in the city of Taubaté, of these, 25 were in the first, 25 in the second and 25 in the third trimester of pregnancy. For each research participant was applied a questionnaire developed for the purpose of evaluating the oral hygiene habits realized by them. The results demonstrated that the semiannual return to the dentist is performed by only 36 (48.0%) patients, the recommended brushing technique is preconized by only 15 (20.0%) and only 29 (38.6%) of pregnant women performed scraping in the last 6 months. Furthermore, 29 (38.6%) reported bleeding gums present and 47 (62.6%) were not informed about the possible oral abnormalities that can occur during pregnancy. Hence, we conclude that the junction of the multiple aspects that encompass gingival changes, it is important to emphasize the need for a general evaluation of pregnant patients, in addition to dental care throughout this period, as the results of this study demonstrated that greater percentage of pregnant women are unprepared for the possible intercurrences that may afflict them this time.

Portadores do HIV apresentam pior condição clínica periodontal e maior prevalência de Porphyromonas gingivalis e Tannerella forsythia / Subjects harboring HIV show poor clinical periodontal condition and higher prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia

Objetivo: O presente estudo transversal objetivou entender se os aspectos clínicos periodontais e a frequência dos patógenos periodontais Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis e Tannerella forsythia diferem em pacientes periodontais infectados pelo HIV, comparativamente a indivíduos não infectados pelo vírus. Material e método: Foram selecionados para o estudo indivíduos com periodontite, sendo 35 HIV+ e 35 HIV-; ambos os grupos foram pareados quanto a idade, gênero e um critério sítio-dependente de determinação de doença periodontal. Em visita subsequente, o exame periodontal completo determinou a condição periodontal geral dos indivíduos pelas mensurações de Índice de Placa (IP), Índice Gengival (IG), Índice de Sangramento à Sondagem (ISS), Profundidade de Sondagem (PS) e Nível de Inserção Clínica (NIC). A frequência das espécies bacterianas foi avaliada por meio de reação de polimerase em cadeia (PCR), a partir de amostras obtidas da saliva não estimulada. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Mann-Whitney, t de Student e Qui-quadrado (p < 0,05). Resultado: Apesar da triagem por meio de critério específico de seleção, indivíduos HIV+ apresentaram maior destruição periodontal, revelada pelas maiores médias de PS, NIC (p < 0,05, t de Student), IP, IG e ISS (p < 0,05, Mann Whitney). Além disso, um maior número de indivíduos HIV+ alocou duas das espécies pesquisadas: P. gingivalis (p = 0,0007, Qui-Quadrado) e T. forsythia (p = 0,0001, Qui-Quadrado). Conclusão: Indivíduos HIV+ apresentaram pior condição periodontal e frequência mais elevada de P. gingivalis e T. forsythia, espécies do complexo vermelho que estão claramente associadas a tecidos periodontais danificados.

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed at understanding whether clinical features and frequency of the periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola differ in periodontitis subjects infected with HIV when compared to non-infected subjects. Material and method: 35 periodontitis subjects were selected for the HIV+ group and 35 for the HIV? group; both groups were matched according to age, gender and a site-based criterion to determine periodontal disease. In a second visit, clinical periodontal status of the whole mouth of each participant was determined by plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) bleeding on probing index (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) measurements. The frequency of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia and T. denticola was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from unstimulated saliva samples. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney, Student-t and Chi-Square tests (p < 0.05). Result: Despite screening through a specific selection criterion, HIV+ subjects showed more periodontal breakdown, demonstrated by higher mean values of PD, CAL (p < 0.05, Student- t-test), PI, GI, BOP (p < 0.05, Mann Whitney test) in comparison to HIV? controls.Also, a higher number of HIV+ subjects harbored two of the searched species: P. gingivalis (p = 0.0007, chisquare) and T. forsythia (p = 0.0001, Chi-square). Conclusion: HIV+ patients had poorer periodontal status and a higher prevalence of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, two red complex bacterial species, which are clearly associated with damaged periodontal tissues.

Presença de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans em associação a Porphyromonas gingivalis e Prevotella intermedia em pacientes periodontais / Presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in association with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in periodontal patients

Introdução: O conhecimento das inter-relações bacterianas e sua associação com a condição clínica periodontal podem auxiliar o manejo terapêutico. Objetivos: Avaliar a distribuição de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans em relação a duas espécies bacterianas membros dos complexos Vermelho e Laranja, e analisar a relação entre a combinação de cepas leucotóxicas de A.actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis e Prevotella intermedia com a manifestação clínica da doença. Material e método: Incluíram-se 50 indivíduos (38,38 ± 10,15 anos), de ambos os gêneros, com periodontite crônica (n = 25) ou agressiva (n = 25). De cada indivíduo, amostras subgengivais foram coletadas de quatro dentes em quadrantes diferentes, com profundidade de sondagem (PS) maior ou igual a 6 mm e nível clínico de inserção (NCI) maior ou igual a 4 mm. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: clínicos - PS, NCI, Índice de Placa (IP-0/1) e Índice Gengival (IG-0/1) - e microbiológicos, com detecção de A. actinomycetemcomitans (cepas de máxima e mínima leucotoxicidades), P. gingivalis e P. intermedia por reação em cadeia da polimerase. Os dados foram estatisticamente analisados usando-se testes t-Student e Qui-quadrado (p <0,05). Resultado: Apresentaram P. gingivalis 90% dos indivíduos, P. intermedia, 82%, e A. actinomycetemcomitans, 28%. A. actinomycetemcomitans foi mais frequente em indivíduos jovens ou com periodontite agressiva. Apenas IG apresentou maiores frequências médias (p = 0,019) quando da presença simultânea de cepas A. actinomycetemcomitans de máxima leucotoxicidade, P. gingivalis e P. intermedia. Conclusão: Indivíduos com periodontite agressiva exibiram maiores frequências de A. actinomycetemcomitans. A presença de P. gingivalis e/ou P. intermedia não potencializou a patogenicidade das cepas de A. actinomycetemcomitans de máxima leucotoxicidade, pois tal combinação foi somente acompanhada de maior inflamação.

Introduction: Knowledge of bacterial interrelationships and its association with clinical periodontal condition may help the therapeutic management. Objective: To evaluate the distribution of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in relation to 2 bacterial species members of Red and Orange Complexes; also to exam the relationship between the combined presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia with clinical pattern of disease. Material and method: 50 (mean age 38.38 ± 10.15) subjects both gender were enrolled in the study, with chronic (n = 25) or aggressive (n = 25) periodontitis. For each subject subgingival samples were collected from 4 teeth in different quadrants showing probing depth (PD) is greater than or equal to 6 mm and clinical attachment level (CAL) is greater than or equal to 4 mm. The parameters evaluated were: clinical - PD, CAL, Plaque Index (PI-0/1) and Gingival Index (GI-0/1); microbiological - detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans (highly and minimally leukotoxic strains), P. gingivalis and P. intermedia by polymerase chain reaction. Data were statistically analyzed using Student t and Chi-square tests (p <0.05). Result: 90% of the subjects harbored P. gingivalis, 82% P. intermedia and 28% A. actinomycetemcomitans. A. actinomycetemcomitans was most frequent in young or aggressive periodontitis subjects. Only GI showed higher mean frequency (p = 0.019) in the combined presence of highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strains,P. gingivalis and P. intermedia. Conclusion: Subjects with aggressive periodontitis exhibited higher frequency of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The presence of P. gingivalis and/or P. intermedia did not improve the pathogenicity of highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strains due to the fact that this combination was only followed by increased inflammation.

The impact of the maternal's periodontal status on the detection of periodontal pathogens in newborn children / O impacto da condição periodontal materna na detecção de patógenos periodontais em recém-nascidos

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of the mother's periodontal clinical status on the prevalence of periodontal pathogens in newborns. Methods: Seventy-six pairs of newborns and their biological mothers were selected. After a periodontal examination, the mother-child pairs were divided into two groups according to their maternal periodontal clinical status: mothers with (Group A, n=33) or without periodontitis (Group B, n=43). The oral colonization of newborns by five periodontopathogens (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. rectus) was determined using a DNA-specific PCR method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test at the significant level of 0.05. Results: C. rectus was the most prevalent species observed (23.25%) in Group B, while in Group A P. gingivalis (96.97%) had the highest detection rate, followed by T. forsythia (60.60%) and P. intermedia (39.39%). Between-groups comparisons showed a greater frequency of all study pathogens among newborns from Group A. Conclusion: The maternal clinical periodontal status was a satisfactory indicator of the bacterial colonization pattern observed in their newborn children. Thus, longitudinal studies should be performed to confirm this relationship.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do estado clínico periodontal materno sobre a prevalência de patógenos periodontais em recém-nascidos. Metodologia: Setenta e seis pares de recém-nascidos e suas mães biológicas foram selecionados. Após o exame periodontal, os pares mãe-criança foram divididos em dois grupos Segundo o estado clínico periodontal materno: mães com (Grupo A, n=33) ou sem periodontite (Grupo B, n=43). A colonização oral de recém-nascidos por cinco patógenos peridontais (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia e C. rectus) foi determinada usando um método PCR DNA-específico. A análise estatística foi realizada usando teste qui-quadrado ao nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: C. rectus foi a espécie mais prevalente (23,25%) no Grupo B, enquanto no Grupo A P. gingivalis (96,97%) teve a maior taxa de detecção, seguido de T. forsythia (60,60%) e P. intermedia (39,39%). As comparações entre-grupos mostraram uma maior frequência de todos os patógenos estudados entre os recém-nascidos do Grupo A. Conclusão: O estado clínico periodontal materno foi um indicador satisfatório do padrão de colonização bacteriana observado em recém-nascidos. Assim, estudos longitudinais devem ser realizados para confirmar esta relação.

Occurrence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Brazilians with chronic periodontitis

Studies have suggested that A. actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as in chronic periodontitis. This study was aimed at elucidating the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in a Brazilian population with chronic periodontitis. A total of 555 (mean age 33.04 ± 12.45) individuals, living in two large areas of the São Paulo State, namely "Baixada Santista" and "Vale do Paraíba", and diagnosed with mild [180 (mean age 29.59 ± 10.94)], moderate [241 (mean age 31.18 ± 11.45)] or severe [134 (mean age 33.04 ± 12.45)] chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this survey. Clinical exams including measurements of Probing Depth, Clinical Attachment Loss, Plaque and Gingival indices and subgingival microbiological assessments were performed at all population. The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction from periodontal pocket samples. The occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans among chronic periodontitis subjects as well as its association with age and gender were statistically analysed using the Chi-square and Odds Ratio tests. The significance of differences was established at 5 percent (p < 0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 102 (18.37 percent) individuals: 29 (16.11 percent) mild; 42 (17.42 percent) moderate; and 31 (23.13 percent) severe chronic periodontitis with no statistical difference among groups. A higher occurrence of the searched bacterium was found both in the youngest group (p < 0.05) as well as in the female group (p < 0.05). This study elucidated that A. actinomycetemcomitans harbored subgingival pockets of our target group of chronic periodontitis subjects and that this bacterium seems to be inversely related to age, but related to the female gender.

Self-performed supragingival biofilm control: qualitative analysis, scientific basis and oral-health implications

Patients frequently fail to achieve an optimal mechanical plaque control. However, many patients are not confident about using mouthrinses, and many professionals refuse to prescribe them for regular daily use. Aiming at achieving a better understanding of the use and prescription of mouthrinses in periodontics, 24 dentists with different dental educational levels were purposively chosen and interviewed in a qualitative research. Partial data was presented at the 15th Congress of the Brazilian Association for Oral Health Promotion (ABOPREV), and full data was presented at the 88th General Session and Exhibition of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR). The professionals' answers were confirmed or rejected through scientific data analysis. Additionally, scientifically supported answers were provided for the interviewees' most frequent unanswered questions. Around half of the participants (46 percent) reported that they recommended the use of mouthrinses, although a high percentage (64 percent) of the dentists answered that they knew very little about the efficacy of mouthrinses and also about the oral benefits (54 percent) provided by them. All interviewees reported that they were aware of the fact that their patients, and themselves, failed to floss and, less frequently, to brush their teeth, and all of them believed that oral health impacts overall systemic health. Seventy five percent answered that using mouthrinses was safe. Most participants (55 percent) did not declare themselves as mouthrinse users. We concluded that dentists with different levels of dental education have only partial knowledge related to mouthrinse use in periodontics. The use of effective mouthrinses on a daily basis is justified and can help patients achieve or maintain a healthier mouth. A healthier mouth will positively impact patients' quality of life and could also benefit their overall systemic health.

Prevalência de patógenos periodontais em tabagistas / Prevalence of periodontal pathogens among smokers

A influência do tabagismo sobre a microbiota periodontal ainda é bastante controversa. Com base nesta premissa, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a presença de A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia e C. rectus em adultos tabagistas e não tabagistas e relacioná-la com a condição clínica periodontal. O estudo foi composto por 214 indivíduos adultos divididos de acordo com a condição periodontal e o hábito de fumar: grupo periodontalmente saudável [fumante (n=51) e não fumante (n=52)] e grupo com periodontite [fumante (n=53) enão fumante (n=58)]. Indivíduos com no mínimo 4 sítios periodontais com Profundidade à Sondagem (PS) ≥ 4mme Nível Clínico de Inserção (NCI) ≥ 3mm, distribuídos em dentes diferentes, foram considerados periodontalmente doentes. Foram realizadas coletas do dorso da língua e amostras intra-sulculares dos cinco sítios que apresentaram maiores valores de PS. No grupo saudável, foram coletadas amostras subgengivais dos sítios mésio-vestibulares dos dentes 16, 11, 26, 36, 31 e 46. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado. Neste estudo transversal, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa na microbiota periodontopatógena de tabagistas em função da condição periodontal

The impact of tobacco use on periodontal microbiota is still quite controversial. Based on this assumption, the present study aimed to compare the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis , T. forsythia and C. rectus in smoking and in no smoking adults and to relate it with periodontal clinical condition. The studycomprised 214 adults divided according to their periodontal condition and smoking status: group of healthy periodontal condition [smokers (n=51) and non smokers (n=52)] and group with periodontitis [smokers (n=53 and non smokers (n= 58)]. Subjects presenting at least 4 periodontal siteswith Pocket Depth (PD) ≥ 4mm and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) ≥ 3mm, distributed over different teeth, wereconsidered periodontally diseased. Saliva was collected from the dorsum of the tongue and intrasulcular sampleswere obtained from the five sites presenting the highest PD values. In the healthy group, subgingival samples werecollected from the mesiobuccal sites of teeth 16, 11, 26, 36, 31 and 46. Chi-square was used for the statistical analysis. No statistically significant distinction was observed through thiscross-sectional study in periodontopathogenic microbiota ofsmokers in relation to periodontal condition.