ABSTRACT
The use of methamphetamine has been significantly increased among youth in the last decade. Methamphetamine stimulates the central nervous system and affects on the body tissues and neurotransmitters like dopamine. In this study, the effect of methamphetamine as a medicine of amphetamine group is investigated on the pituitary-gonad axis and spermatogenesis. In this experimental study, 40 mature rats with 150 +/- 10 g weight are divided into in 4 groups including 10 rats in each group. Methamphetamine powder was weighted and it was solved in the normal saline to prepare a standard solution. Three experimental groups were injected in dosage 1, 3, 5 mg/kg using insulin syringe for 14 days, every day. Then, FSH, LH and testosterone concentrations were measured from the blood samples. The testis tissue was removed and after sectioning and staining by Hematoxylin-Eosin, was inspected by optical microscope for any changes. The average values of hormones and number of seminiferous cells were analyzed in SPSS-18 software using Duncan-test. Experimental results showed that by increasing the concentration of methamphetamine, the serum level of LH and testosterone increase. While the FSH concentration decrease by increasing the level of methamphetamine. Also, investigation on the testis tissue showed that spermatogenesis has decreased on it in comparison to control group. This is because of methamphetamine effect on the gonads. The hormonal results and microscopic observations, it can conclude that using methamphetamine may cause destructive effects on pituitary-gonad axis and spermatogenesis and as a result, it may decrease fertility
ABSTRACT
Confrontation with the consequences of diabetes causes a crisis in physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. Sometimes the spiritual crisis can be tremendous. Since spiritual health coordinates different aspects of human life, this study aimed to identify the spiritual health of patients with defects caused by diabetes. This was a qualitative-phenomenological and descriptive study and the participants were selected from rehabilitation centers in Isfahan and Valiasr Hospital in Zanjan. A purposive sample of 15 participants underwent deep interviews. Colaizzi's method of analysis was used to analyze the data. outcome of this phase of the study was 173 codes and 2 groups that included hindering factors in spiritual health and the promotion of the relation with God. The concepts that patients had experienced as hindering factors of the treatment process were disappointment and hopelessness, guilt, feeling distant from God, quitting obligatory acts and knowing God as cruel. The concepts that patients had experienced as contributing factors to the healing process were resorting to Imams, God's ordering the disease as a reward, fear of God's punishment, believing in miracles, being closer to God, believing in the mercy of God, returning to religious practice, feeling of enjoying life and knowing that the disease is the atonement of sins. With regard to the importance of spiritual and religious care as one of the tasks of nurses, as the key members of health team, they should respect the patients' beliefs and values in addition to considering their physical and mental conditions.