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OBJECTIVES@#To systematically review and identify food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) developed for the Iranian population and their validation and reproducibility in order to determine possible research gaps and needs. @*METHODS@#Studies were selected by searching for relevant keywords in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, and Iranmedex databases, unpublished data, and theses in November 2016 (updated in September 2019). All English-language and Persian-language papers were included. Duplicates, articles with unrelated content, and articles only containing a protocol were excluded. The FFQs were categorized based on: (1) number of food items in to short (≤80 items) and long (>80 items) and; (2) the aim of the FFQ to explore total consumption patternutrients (general) or to detect specific nutrient(s)/food group(s) (specialized). @*RESULTS@#Sixteen reasonably validated questionnaires were identified. However, only 13 presented a reproducibility assessment. Ten FFQs were categorized as general (7 long, 3 short) and 6 as specialized (3 long, 3 short). The correlation coefficients for nutrient intake between dietary records or recalls and FFQs were 0.07-0.82 for long (general: 0.07-0.82 and specialized: 0.26-0.67) and 0.20-0.67 for short (general: 0.24-0.54 and specialized: 0.20-0.42) FFQs. Long FFQs showed higher validity and reproducibility than short FFQs. Reproducibility of FFQs was acceptable (0.32-0.89). The strongest correlations were reported by studies with shorter intervals between FFQs. @*CONCLUSIONS@#FFQs designed for the Iranian population appear to be appropriate tools for dietary assessment. Despite their acceptable reproducibility, their validity for assessing specific nutrients and their applicability for populations other than those they were developed for may be questionable.
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OBJECTIVES@#To systematically review and identify food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) developed for the Iranian population and their validation and reproducibility in order to determine possible research gaps and needs. @*METHODS@#Studies were selected by searching for relevant keywords in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, and Iranmedex databases, unpublished data, and theses in November 2016 (updated in September 2019). All English-language and Persian-language papers were included. Duplicates, articles with unrelated content, and articles only containing a protocol were excluded. The FFQs were categorized based on: (1) number of food items in to short (≤80 items) and long (>80 items) and; (2) the aim of the FFQ to explore total consumption patternutrients (general) or to detect specific nutrient(s)/food group(s) (specialized). @*RESULTS@#Sixteen reasonably validated questionnaires were identified. However, only 13 presented a reproducibility assessment. Ten FFQs were categorized as general (7 long, 3 short) and 6 as specialized (3 long, 3 short). The correlation coefficients for nutrient intake between dietary records or recalls and FFQs were 0.07-0.82 for long (general: 0.07-0.82 and specialized: 0.26-0.67) and 0.20-0.67 for short (general: 0.24-0.54 and specialized: 0.20-0.42) FFQs. Long FFQs showed higher validity and reproducibility than short FFQs. Reproducibility of FFQs was acceptable (0.32-0.89). The strongest correlations were reported by studies with shorter intervals between FFQs. @*CONCLUSIONS@#FFQs designed for the Iranian population appear to be appropriate tools for dietary assessment. Despite their acceptable reproducibility, their validity for assessing specific nutrients and their applicability for populations other than those they were developed for may be questionable.
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Background: All government policies and programmes for food and nutrition security should include providing healthy food, as well as providing economic and social availability for all people. Aim: This study aimed to analyse the current situation of Iranian food and nutrition security and establish a road map towards 2021. Methods: The applied methods were situation analysis and a mixed qualitativequantitative method. The conceptual method used for developing this national document encompassed three areas: sustainable food supply, food safety and nutrition. Results: The outcomes of the Iranian food and nutrition security system in the past three decades include development of management infrastructure and improvement in food and nutrition security status. However, analysis of current programmes showed that there were some overlapping, intertwining and parallel works in the responsibilities of related organizations in the field of supervision of food safety [from production to supply]. The national document produced as the outcome of this paper was communicated by the Iranian Ministry of Health in 2012 and has been running for 2 years. Selected ministries are responsible for implementation of 20 national programmes by the end of the 5th Economic, Social and Cultural Development Programme [20162011]. The consensus of stakeholders by the end of the 6th Development Programme [2021] is to put all of the provinces in a safe or very safe situation in terms of food and nutrition security. Conclusion: The most important challenge in establishing national documents is to make them operational. This aim was achieved by an intersectoral nutrition and food security working group, which produced a general memorandum of understanding with the main organizations, the media, universities and private sector
Subject(s)
Humans , Food Safety , Food Supply , Stakeholder Participation , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Foods contaminations with Mycotoxin producing fungi is the common problem in production and maintenance of foods leads to production and presence of many types of Mycotoxins with extensive clinical effect on human called Mycotoxicosis. The aim of this study is to determine humidity percent and fungal contaminations of flour which is used in bakeries of Tabriz city. From 89 bakeries that were baking every kind of wheat bread, flour samples were collected .At first, humidity percent of samples was measured with standard method; Then experimented with standards of Iran[997 and 2393]:10 gram flour sample were dissolved in 90cc of ¼ sterile Ringer solution; then10-2 ,10-3 ,10-4,10-5and10-6 dilutions were prepared. From each dilution, 1cc were spilled in different sterile plates; afterward, 15-20cc of sterile YCGA culture medium were spilled on the plates and they were shacked slowly; hereafter, they were left until the culture mediums were coagulated. Thereupon, the plates were incubated in 25 degree c for 5 days. Finally, fungi colonies were identified and counted. From 89 samples, 28 samples [31,5%]contain fungi contaminations more than 104 colonies/gram of flour[allowable limit] [p<0.05]. Results showed the most fungi were Aspergillus niger and Acromonium. Mean of humidity percent in samples was12.8+/-0.76 which was in standard level [
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Postoperative cerebellar hemorrhage or remote cerebellar hemorrhage is a rare complication occurring after supratentorial and spinal surgery. Although the mechanism remains unclear, previous reports implicate over drainage of cerebrospinal fluid as the predominant cause. We report a patient who underwent craniotomy for removal of meningioma. The hemorrhage manifested a few days postoperatively as a headache and transient loss of consciousness. Our patient recovered without further intervention with no major neurologic deficit. Early detection and awareness of this complication may help to avoid unnecessary measures