ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La Meningitis Bacteriana Aguda (MBA) corresponde a la inflamación de las leptomeninges por presencia de bacterias piógenas. La epidemiología es variable y depende multifactorial. A pesar de los avances en medicina la mortalidad de la MBA se ha mantenido estable, evidenciando la necesidad de estudiar esta patología para orientar estrategias de prevención y tratamiento. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de los agentes etiológicos de MBA confirmadas en adultos en el Hospital San Martín de Quillota (HSMQ) entre los años 2012 y 2018. Establecer la tasa de resistencia a antibióticos. Determinar el perfil de los pacientes, y establecer la relación entre perfil, agente etiológico identificado y desenlace. Métodos: c muestra de 38 casos, se estableció la prevalencia de los patógenos involucrados y se realizó un análisis estadístico considerando los factores de riesgo, sus días de estadía y su condición al egreso hospitalario. Resultados: 15 casos en que no se aisló patógeno en LCR (líquido cefalorraquídeo), 13 MBA por neumococo, 4 por Haemophilus spp, 3 por meningococo, 2 por Staphylococcus spp y 1 por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. En el grupo sin agente aislado se observó un mejor pronóstico, valores de PCR (proteína C reactiva) en sangre menores y valores de glucorraquia mayores. Se registraron 6 fallecimientos por MBA. Conclusión: La prevalencia de los agentes etiológicos fue similar a la descrita en la literatura, con neumococo como el microorganismo más frecuente, no se reportaron casos de Listeria monocytogenes. Probablemente en el grupo sin agente aislado se incluyeron casos de meningitis virales.
Introduction: Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is denifed as the inflammation of leptomeninges due to the presence of pyogenic bacteriae. Epidemiology is variable and multifactorial. In spite of advance in medicine, ABM's mortality has remained stable, hence the need to study the causative microorganisms in order to guide prevention and treatment strategies. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the etiological agents of ABM confirmed in adults in a medium complexity hospital located in Quillota, Chile, between 2012 and 2018, to establish the rate of resistance of these to antibiotics. Determine the profile of the patients and establish the relationship between profile, etiological agent identified and outcome. Methods: A sample of 38 cases with ABM was evaluated during, the prevalence of the pathogens involved was established and a statistical analysis was carried out considering the risk factors of patients, their days of in-hospital stay and their condition at hospital discharge. Results: We analyzed 38 cases, 15 without isolated pathogens, 13 of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4 of Haemophilus spp., 3 of Neisseria meningitidis, 2 of Staphylococcus spp. and we obtained one case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the group without isolated pathogens, a better prognosis was observed, lower blood CRP values and higher glucose on spinal fluid values. 6 deaths per ABM were recorded. Conclusion: The prevalence of etiological agents was similar to that described in the literature, with pneumococcus as the most frequent microorganism, no cases of Listeria monocytogenes were reported. Probably in the group in which no agent was isolated, cases of viral meningitis were included.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Patients , Bacteria , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Meningitis, Bacterial , Hospitals , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Observational StudyABSTRACT
Tetanus is a severe and potentially mortal disease, which affects the Nervous System, caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. It's endemic in developing countries, presenting in Chile with a rate of 0,02 cases per 100.000 habitants, but the antitetanic vaccine has reduced its incidence in developed countries. We present here a case report of a patient with generalized tetanus from our hospital. The clinical presentation was characterized by generalized increased muscle tone and trismus, and the patient was hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit. The neurologic manifestations were important for a period of 3 weeks, but then they started decreasing until the patient was discharged, without complications and being able to sit and walk with assistance. In relation to this case, we will review the actualizations in the subject of Tetanus. The recommended treatment includes support therapy, prevention of complications, antibiotics, muscle relaxants and anti-tetanospasmin immunoglobulin; all therapies that our patient received partially. The disease has a mortality that reaches the 50 percent in some series, but the ones who survive have a good prognosis and full recovery. This is why the presentation of this case is important, being an infrequent disease that must be diagnosed timely and be treated adequately.
Introducción: El tétanos es una enfermedad grave y potencialmente mortal, que afecta al sistema nervioso y causada por la bacteria Clostridium tetani. Es endémica en países en desarrollo, teniendo en Chile el año 2007 una tasa de 0,02 casos por cien mil habitantes. La vacuna con el toxoide antitetánico ha disminuido ostensiblemente su incidencia en países desarrollados. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 18 años con tétanos generalizado ingresado a nuestro hospital. Clínicamente se manifestó con un aumento del tono muscular generalizado y trismo. Se hospitalizó en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Los síntomas y signos neurológicos tuvieron una máxima intensidad de aproximadamente cuatro semanas; posteriormente fueron disminuyendo sin presentar complicaciones severas. Al alta el enfermo lograba sentarse y caminar con ayuda. Discusión: A propósito de este caso se hace una revisión de la literatura y actualización de esta grave enfermedad. El tratamiento recomendado incluye terapia de soporte, prevención de complicaciones, antibioterapia, relajantes musculares e inmunoglobulina antitetánica; terapias que este paciente recibió. Si bien esta enfermedad tiene una letalidad promedio de un 50 por ciento, los pacientes que sobreviven tienen buen pronóstico y recuperación completa. Por ello, la presentación de este caso clínico es importante, sobre todo siendo una condición poco frecuente, que debe diagnosticarse con prontitud y, así, recibir el tratamiento adecuado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Tetanus Antitoxin/therapeutic use , Tetanus/drug therapy , Clostridium tetani , Diagnosis, Differential , Immunoglobulins , Treatment Outcome , Trismus , Tetanus/diagnosisABSTRACT
Background: Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM) is the most severe neurological complication after liver transplantation and apparently is not related to changes in osmolarity. Aim: To report five transplanted patients with CPM. Patients and Methods: In a series of 27 patients subjected to liver transplantation between 2005 and 2008, we found five patients who developed CPM. Results: All patients presented a severe hepatic encephalopathy. In the absence of alterations in osmolality, they developed, between the second to seventh day after transplantation, a central quadriplegia, hyperreflexia and Babinski sign, with preservation of sensorium. Magnetic resonance imaging showed demyelination of the motor pathway only in the protuberance. Motor recovery first began in the fingers and hands, followed by forearms, toes, feet, arms and finally the legs, defining a somatotopic recovery of the cortico-spinal pathway. Conclusions: This form of regaining motility shows that the selective involvement of the pyramidal tract in CPM, is according to its location in the pons and suggests a local entrapment. It is due to the structural rigidity of the protuberance that limits the expansive requirements of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, and only affects the long fibers of cortico-spinal tracts, sensitized by encephalopathy. The entrapment syndromes generally preserve the axons, injure myelin and have no inflammatory reactions.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Liver Transplantation/adverse effects , Myelinolysis, Central Pontine/etiology , Brazil , Fatal Outcome , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Myelinolysis, Central Pontine/diagnosis , Persistent Vegetative State/etiology , Quadriplegia/etiologyABSTRACT
Clinically Lafora disease (LD) is an autosomal recessive form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). It develops due to mutations in gene that encodes laforin or malin, which may be involved in regulating the glycogen metabolism. Pathognomonic Lafora bodies are composed by dense aggregates of polyglucosans inclusions, found in brain and other organs. We describe 18 year old female with family history of myodonic epilepsy. She developed worsening myodonic seizures with correlative electroencephalogram abnormalities and a progressive mental deterioration. Diagnosis was confirmed with periodic acid-schiff (PAS) positive lafora bodies and ubiquitin-positive inmunohistochemical stain, which helped to distinguish from other PAS positive inclusions. This is the first case describe of Lafora disease in Chile.
Clínicamente, la enfermedad de Lafora es una forma de epilepsia mioclónica progresiva, autosómica recesiva. Se desarrolla debido a la mutación del gen que codifica para la laforina y/o la malina, las cuales están involucradas en la regulación del metabolismo del glicógeno. Los corpúsculos de Lafora que identifican la enfermedad están compuestos por agregados densos de poliglicano que se encuentran en inclusiones tanto en el cerebro, como en otros tejidos. Describimos una mujer de 18 años con una historia familiar de epilepsia mioclónica; ella desarrolló crisis mioclónicas que se correlacionaban con anormalidades electroencefalográficas, que empeoraron progresivamente, asociadas a un deterioro cognitivo. El diagnóstico fue confirmado con la presencia de corpúsculos de Lafora encontrados en las glándulas sudoríparas de una biopsia de piel, con tinciones de PAS e inmunohistoquímicas positivos para ubiquitina, lo que permitió distinguir estos corpúsculos de otras inclusiones PAS positivas. Este es el primer caso descrito de enfermedad de Lafora en Chile.