ABSTRACT
Introduction: Failure of ossification in the vertical direction between the two halves of the frontal bone is called a metopic suture; this suture is present in between the superciliary arch and tubers of the frontal bone so it is also called a median frontal suture. At birth, the frontal bone present is two half, in the 1st year they contact each other, and within the 7th to 8th year, they fused together. Sometimes, bones may not be fused completely and it becomes metopic fontanelle. MaterialsandMethods: The goal of the current study was to determine the prevalence of metopic suture in adult human skulls in Uttar Pradesh. One hundred and fifty macerated skulls of undetermined age and sex were used for this. The anatomical departments of Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Research Center (Moradabad), King George Medical College (Lucknow), SRMS Institute of Medical Science (Bareilly), Govt. Medical College Kannauj, and Govt. Medical College Saharanpur provided these skulls. Results: This study has found the incidence of metopic sutures of about 12.90%. The two types of metopic sutures were found in this study, namely complete metopic suture 4.52% and incomplete metopic suture 8.38% in which found 0.64% “V” shape metopic suture. Conclusion: Themorphological study of metopic sutures on adult crania is useful for anatomists, experts in forensic medicine, and neurologists for performing surgical procedures in this area
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Determination of gestational age is important in civil and criminal cases. Though a reasonable assessment of gestational age can be made by measuring physical parameters such as crown-heel length, weight of foetus and by noting morphological features, organ development and appearance of ossification centres, an alternative parameter is desirable in some instances. In this study we directly Comparison of Hand and Foot Growth with Gestational Age in Human male and female Foetuses. Material and Methods: 60 formalin fixed human foetuses (25 male 35 female) were obtained from Museum of Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Aligarh. Foetuses were divided into five groups. (Group I:< 17wks), (Group II: 17-20wks), (Group III: 21-25wks), (Group IV: 26- 30wks), (Group V: >30wks). We taking fourteen parameters in hand and foot i.e. length and breadth of the hand and lengths of all five fingers, Length and breadth of foot, length of all five toes, were measured using Vernier callipers. Result: It was found during comparison of male and female hand and foot parameters that Breadth of hand in less than 17 weeks (p-0.047), Hand length during 17-20 weeks (p-0.029), Middle finger and ring finger during 17-20 weeks (p-0.006) and (p-0.014), Great toe during 17-20 weeks (p-0.011) was found to be statically significant. Conclusion: It was concluded that breadth of hand, foetal hand length, middle finger and ring finger, great toe are significantly correlated with gestational age significantly (p<0.05) correlated with gestational age during comparison of male and female hand and foot parameters therefore these parameters could be utilized to estimate gestational age. It could be used in medico legal cases in where hand and foot parts are available or part of it is available for estimation of gestational age.
ABSTRACT
Background: Variations of the arteries, nerves and muscles of the upper limb have both clinical and surgicalimportance. The superficial brachial artery origination from the third part of the axillary artery, communicationsbetween the musculocutaneous and median nerves, variant formation of the brachial plexus, origination of theProfunda brachii artery from the posterior circumflex humeral artery have been well documented. We describehere the other variations in the upper limbs of a male cadaver.Case Report: During our routine dissection studies on a 50year old male cadaver we encountered variations inRight upper limb.Observations: In this case we observed the axillary artery gives two terminal branches the first was the superficialbrachial artery and the second was a common trunk for the sub scapular,brachial, posterior circumflex humeral and anterior circumflex humeral arteries. Superficial brachial arterygive Radial and Ulnar arteries. Variant formations of the brachial plexus i.e., medial root of median nerveoriginate from both lateral and medial cord.Conclusion: We think that such variations should be kept in mind during surgical and diagnostic procedures.Variation in the brachial plexus medial root of median nerve originate from both lateral and medial cord mightbe of significance in diagnostic clinical neurophysiology.
ABSTRACT
The foramen magnum is an important landmark located in the posterior part of the cranial base formed by the occipital bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurements of the foramen magnum in human dried skull and to note the variations in the shape and size of the foramen magnum. Additionally area and index of the foramen magnum were also calculated. Fifty human dried skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from the department of CMCH Bhopal and FHMC Tundla. Foramen magnum were examined macroscopically for their different shapes. Anteroposterior and transverse diameters, foramen magnum area & foramen magnum index were measured. The foramen magnum shapes were determined as round shaped in 22%, oval shaped in 16%,egg shaped in16%, and irregular in18%,tetragonal in 12% penta and hexagonal 8% each. The mean A-P and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum was determined 38.75mm and 33.44mm respectively. In 4%of skull, the occipital condyle was observed to protrude in to the foramen magnum. The mean foramen index and foramen magnum area were 87.68 & 970.57mm². The data obtained may be useful to the neurosurgeon in analysing the morphological anatomy of craniovertebral junction in trans condylar approach for brain stem lesion.
ABSTRACT
The intra-uterine existence of foetus is dependent on placenta, a major organ of nutrition and homeostasis.The present study was carried out to compare morphometric and histological changes in preterm and term human placentas. Eighty placentas collected from Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, JNMCH, AMU, Aligarh, were divided into group first of preterm placentas up to 36 weeks (n =30) and second group of full term placentas i.e. 37 to 40 weeks ( n = 50) respectively. The samples were fixed in 10 percent formol-saline solution. The gross morphological variables of placentas were studied. There was a significant increase in the placental weight, decidual area and umbilical cord diameter of term placenta as compared to that of the preterm ones. From each placenta whole thickness tissue blocks were taken and processed for paraffin sectioning. Five µ-thick sections were stained with Haematoxylin-eosin and Van Gieson stains and processed for light microscopy. A total of 200 villi were studied in each sample under high power field and occurrence of different features was expressed as percentages for each parameter. The appearance of microvilli and syncytial bud on the syncytium were almost absent in the villi of term placentas. It was concluded that with increasing gestational age there was a gradual increase in the number of capillaries in villi from preterm to term placenta.There was a significant increase in syncytial knot count, fibrinoid necrosis, vasculosyncytial membrane and decrease in the percentage of villi showing cytotrophoblastic cells and number of Hofbauer cells in term group as compared to preterm group.
La existencia intrauterina del feto depende de la placenta, el mayor órgano de nutrición y homeostasis. El estudio se llevó a cabo para comparar los cambios morfométricos e histológicos de la placenta humana de término y pretérmino. Ochenta placentas fueron obtenidas del Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, JNMCH, AMU, Aligarh y se dividieron en grupos, el primer grupo de placentas de pretérmino hasta 36 semanas (n = 30) y el segundo grupo de placentas de término, de 37 a 40 semanas (n = 50 ). Las muestras fueron fijadas en solución de formol-salina al 10 por ciento. Se estudiaron las variables morfológicas macroscópicas de las placentas. Hubo un aumento significativo en el peso de la placenta, el área de decidua y el diámetro del cordón umbilical de la placenta a término en comparación con la de los prematuros. De cada placenta se tomaron y se procesaron bloques de tejido para incluirlos en parafina. Cortes de 5 µm fueron teñidos con HE y Van Gieson para microscopía óptica. De cada muestra fueron estudiadas 200 vellosidades, bajo campo de alta resolución y la aparición de diferentes características se expresó como porcentajes para cada parámetro. La aparición de las microvellosidades y brote sincitial en el sincitio estaban casi ausente en las vellosidades de las placentas de término. Se puede concluir que al aumentar la edad gestacional hubo un aumento gradual en el número de capilares en las vellosidades de la placenta de término. Existe un aumento significativo en el recuento de nudo sincitial, necrosis fibrinoide, membrana vasculosincisial y disminución en el porcentaje de las vellosidades que muestran células citotrofoblástica y número de células de Hofbauer en las placentas del término de grupo en comparación con el grupo de pretérmino.