Ciliopathy with special emphasis on kartageners syndrome

Cilia are hair-like structures extending from the cell membrane, perform diverse biological functions. Primary defects in the structure and function of sensory and motile cilia result in multiple ciliopathies. The most prominent genetic abnormality involving motile cilia is primary ciliary dyskinesia [PCD] or Kartageners syndrome. PCD is a rare, usually autosomal recessive, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by sino-pulmonary disease, laterality defects and male infertility. One of the important components of cilia is the Dynein. Ciliary ultrastructural defects are identified in approximately 90% of PCD patients and involve the outer dynein arms, inner dynein arms, or both. Diagnosing PCD is challenging and requires a compatible clinical phenotype together with tests such as ciliary ultrastructural analysis, immunofluorescent staining, ciliary beat assessment, and/or nasal nitric oxide measurements. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis will aid in better diagnosis and treatment of PCD. The aim of the article is to present the basic defect involved in the etiology of this interesting syndrome

Changes in the normal cellular architecture in the prostatic tissue with the increasing age

The frequency of the prostate disorders has been on the increase and disorders such as prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer have been on the rise. This study involved 60 cases which were further subdivided into various age groups. Study was based on the microscopic examination of prostatic tissue with individual of different age groups. The microscopic examination of prostatic tissue of different age groups showed that the prostate tissue in contrast to other organs shows hyperplasia instead of atrophy and that as the age increases there is more proliferation of fibro-musculo glandular tissue producing increase in the size of prostate which manifests itself in the form of Benign Hyperplasia of Prostate. In certain Unfortunate conditions there is profound increase in the glandular element progressing to latent carcinoma of prostate and then to full fledged Carcinoma. A need for urgent readressal to the patient's complaints as well as the examination can aid the physician/Surgeon to give the exact details about the possibility of cure, effective therapy, and staging and most importantly the prognosis of the patients' condition. In conclusion, there is change in the normal cellular architecture with the increasing age in the prostatic tissue

Bilateral duplication of renal vessels: anatomical, medical and surgical prespective

A sound knowledge of variations of blood vessels is important during operative, diagnostic and endovascular procedures in the abdomen. Knowledge of the variations in the renal arteries is important for urologists, radiologists and surgeons in general. The objective of the case report is to bring awareness to clinicians about the variations in the blood supply of the kidney. This report may also be useful to clinicians performing invasive techniques and vascular surgeries and in cases of trauma