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Pregnancy is a state that leads to several deficiency and increased demand of essential nutrients for the growing foetus. In one such case it is seen that vitamin D deficiency can lead to severe outcome in the new-born as well as the mother. Vitamin D travels to the foetus by passive transfer and the foetus is entirely dependent on maternal stores. Therefore it becomes all the more essential to know your vitamin D level during antenatal period to prevent adverse outcomes. Vitamin D supplementation helps in preventing the outcomes like rickets, low birth weight, bone and dental deformity in foetus, decreased immunity and impaired lung function in children, whereas also helping in decreased incidence of primary caesarean sections, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus in mother. The recommended dose has been described up to 2000IU/day as a supplementation and not therapeutic dose, which is found to be safe and effective.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the mostpopular operation for treating nasolacrimal duct obstruction orchronic dacryostenosis. Study aimed to compare the successrate of external dacryocystorhino stomy with and withoutsilicone intubation.Material and Methods: A total 223 were operated fornasolacrimal duct obstruction, at district hospital level. 70patients were operated with silicon tube intubation and 153 patients operated without silicon tube. The patency of lacrimaldrainage system was evaluated with lacrimal syringing. Age, gender, laterality, and lacrimal irrigation in the thirdmonth visit were recorded. Surgical success was acceptedas the patency of the formed ostium with lacrimal syringing/irrigation. Data was analysed using the average, standarddeviation, variation coefficient, and the statistical significancewas determined using test. Results: Success rate was higher 94.24% in patients withsilicone tube intubation, and 86.92% in without silicon tubeintubation, with p-value (p>0.05).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that success rate was higherin dacryocystorhinostomy with silicone intubation, althoughresults were not statistically significant.
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Introduction: Large number of studies on the prevalence ofrefractive errors in various population groups have been done.Refractive errors, are by far the commonest cause of defectivevision in school children around the world. Undetected anduncorrected refractive errors are particularly a significantproblem in school children. With these rationales this studywas undertaken in schools of Kashmir with the objective toassess the magnitude of refractive errors.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study wasconducted in schools of Kashmir valley from june 2016 tomay 2017. Sample size was calculated to be 1110. The 6 to16years children of selected schools of Kashmir valley whowere present on the day of the interview were interviewed andexamined. Snellen chart, pinhole, a trial box, a trial frame,self-illuminated vision box and streak Retinoscope were usedto detect refractive error. MS excel package and SPSS11.5software was use for analysis.Results: Out of 1110 cases (2220 eyes),856(77.12%) caseswere emmetropic, 56 (5.04%) cases had hyperopia of 0.25Dto 1.75D whereas only 4(0.36%) cases had a hyperopia ofequal to or greater than 2.0D. Myopia was the most commonobserved refractive error. 188(16.94%) cases had a myopiaof 0.25D to 1.75D and 6 (0.54%) cases had a myopia of2.0D to 3.75D.No case had myopia of equal to or greaterthan 4.0D(Table-V) Myopic astigmatism was seen in 22(1.98%) cases and hyperopic Astigmatismin 10(0.9%)cases.Conclusion: Refractive error was a significant cause of visualimpairment among school children and screening of schoolchildren plays a major role in detecting refractive errors.
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Background: Immunization is till now most safe, cost effective and powerful intervention that has decreased the burden of vaccine preventable infectious diseases all over the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months in district Srinagar of Jammu and Kashmir.Methods: The study sample included 30 clusters from district Srinagar selected as per the 30×7 cluster sampling method.Results: It was found that fully immunized children were 87.14% and 12.26% of children were partially immunized and none was unimmunized. Regarding the individual vaccine coverage, it was highest for OPV1 (99.52%) followed by BCG and OPV0 (99.05%) and lowest for Hepatitis birth dose (95.24%). The dropout was found highest (6.22%) for OPV1-OPV3 and lowest (1.47%) for LPV1 - measles/MCV (1.47%).Conclusions: The immunization of district Srinagar is above 85% and this gives a positive hope for better future to reach coverage of 100%.
ABSTRACT
The importance of Primary Health Care was internationally known after Alma Ata Conference in 1978. Primary health care in India is delivered by Sub center and Primary Health Center. Primary Health Center is the first contact with a health care professional of a community. National Rural Health Mission laid standards known as Indian Public Health Standards. This study was done in order to assess the quality of services and to identify any gaps in the health care delivery by Primary Health Centers(PHCs) in the District Budgam.This was a cross–sectional study done in four Primary Health Centers of the district and information regarding the availability of services at Primary Health Center’s was obtained using a pre–structured, pre–tested checklist which was prepared from Indian Public Health Standards. It was found that OPD services were provided by all while only one PHC provided emergency 24*7 services.50% of the Primary Health Centers had laboratory services for routine blood/urine/stool tests and only 25% had facilities for electrography,X–ray, and USG. However, 100% of the PHCs provided rapid tests for pregnancy .Although all Primary Health Centers provided ANC, family planning services but only 25% provided 24 hour delivery facility.New–born care was available at 75% PHCs while MTP services were available at only 25% of the PHCs The services at Primary Health Centers are not up to mark there is deficiencies in the basic services. Indian Public Health Standards should be taken seriously and evaluation should be done as per these standards at regular intervals so that we can improve the service delivery right from Primary health care level.