ABSTRACT
Streptococcus group B [GBS] or Streptococcus agalactiae is typically associated with neonatal disease and infection in pregnant women. Mortality of GBS sepsis in neonates is over 50% and is particularly high in preterm infants. GBS also causes invasive infection in pregnant and non-pregnant women including urinary tract infection [UTI]. Penicillin-derived antibiotics remained as choice drugs for treatment of GBS infection; however, Erythromycin and Clindamycin are useful in cases of allergic to Penicillin. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance to Erythromycin and Clindamycin, especially inducible Clindamycin resistance, in GBS isolated from urinary samples of women who attended medical offices in Tehran, Iran. This study was conducted on 5000 urine samples from Jan. 2011 to Oct. 2012 that 104 GBS were isolated. The isolates were identified as GBS using laboratory criteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by Erythromycin disk 15microg and Clindamycin disk 2microg for observation inducible resistant D-zone test by double-disk diffusion method with Erythromycin and adjacent Clindamycin. Among the 5000 urine samples 104 [2.08%] were Beta hemolytic GBS. Of the 104 isolated GBS, 22 [21.2%] were resistance, 24 [23%] were intermediate, and 58 [55.8%] were susceptible to Erythromycin; however, 24 [23%] were resistance, 5 [4.8%] were intermediate, and 75 [72.2%] were susceptible to Clindamycin. Of the 22 Erythromycin-resistant isolates, 10 [9.5% in total GBS isolated] displayed the D zone; it means they have inducible Erythromycin resistant to Clindamycin. Various studies in other countries report lower rates of inducible Clindamycin resistance; it indicates the use of more macrolides in the treatment of UTI
ABSTRACT
This study was performed to determine the effect of health education on the improvement of intake of fruits and vegetables aiming at preventing colorectal cancer among high school girls in the city of Shahr-e-kord. Colorectal cancer is one of the most important and most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Every year, nearly one million new cases of colorectal cancer are recognized around the world and nearly half of them lose their lives due to the disease. 130 students were randomly divided to two groups, which experimental [65] and controls [65] were chosen from the city of Shahr-e-kord for this experimental study. The instruments for data collecting were selfmade questionnaire health belief model based and food frequency questionnaire. The HBM FFQ questionnaires were completed before, immediately and two months after education by participants. After pre-test, 5 educational session classes in experimental group were performed. Finally, data collected and analyzed by SPSS16 computer software [Ttest, T-Paired, repeated measure ANOVA]. Findings of the study showed that before the intervention there was no significant differences between the scores of different structures of HBM model in two groups [P>0.05], after the intervention there was significant differences between experimental and control groups in the levels of knowledge, structures of HBM model and performance for preventing colorectal cancer [p<0.001]. Performing educational programs based on health belief model increases the knowledge and improves the attitudes and practices of students regarding prevention of the colorectal cancer.
ABSTRACT
Depression is the most prevalent malady of the century. About 20 per cent of adolescents between 13 and 19 experience at least a fit of depression before 18. The present study investigated the relationship between mothers' marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescents in Shiraz, Iran. A correlational study was carried out on 300 teenagers of 14-19 years old [160 females and 140 males] and their mothers in educational year of 2009-10, whom were randomly selected among a pool of students from Shiraz's four Educational Districts. A depression questionnaire with 21 items and a questionnaire of marital satisfaction with 47 items helped in collection of data. Pearson's correlation of coefficients, regression, and independent t-tests helped in data analysis. The current study found depression among teenagers as 43.4 per cent and their mothers' marital satisfaction as 19.2 per cent. We found an inverse significant relationship between marital satisfaction and adolescent depression in both genders [P<0.00d1], with mothers' marital satisfaction accounting for 0.52 per cent of depression among their teenagers. There was a difference between male and female teenagers in their depression scores [P<0.05]. There was also a negative significant relationship between teenagers' depression and mother's education and family economic status. Our findings underscored the importance of educational programs intended to prevent depression among teenagers
ABSTRACT
Dependency to opium is a chronic and relapsing disorder that imposes great costs on individuals, families and society. The aim of this study is examining the relation between social support and religious orientation with relapse rates in opioid dependent patients under methadone maintenance therapy. A descriptive-correlational design was used. The sample of the study consisted of a convenience sample of 200 male patients, were referred to substance treatment clinics of Mashhad since March 2012 to August 2012 and were treated by methadon. Sample was evaluated with Social Support Scale, Ailport's Religious Orientation questionnaire and demographic information form. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient, enter and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study revealed internal religious orientation [r=-0.52], family support [r=-0.48], and friends' support [r=-0.33] were all in significant negative correlation with relapse rates [p< 0.01]. It means that by increasing family support and internal religious orientation, the relapse rates were decreased. Also there was a significant positive correlation between external religious orientation and relapse rates [r=0.50, p<0.01]. Findings of linear regression and hierarchical regression analysis showed that all of these variables are predicting in total 0.62 of relapse rates variance, from which the contribution of internal religious orientation, external religious orientation, and family support respectively was 0.27, 0.06 and 0.04 results showed increasing of internal religious orientation and family support is associated with decreasing in relapse rates, and increasing of external religious orientation is associated with increasing in relapse rates
ABSTRACT
Hepatitis B is considered as one of the most common infectious diseases. The contamination of this virus has caused hygienic problems all over the world. Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are most important consequences of this disease. The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of infection in Tabriz North West of Iran. This study is carried out, on partial and short time basis between 2010 and 2011, on test results of 21421 examined individuals whom have visited clinics in Tabriz. HBsAg of the samples was analyzed with chemiluminescence apparatus and finally, SPSS software was used to conduct the statistical examination of the results. Among 21421 examined individuals [5021 cases in 2010 and 16400 cases in 2011], 594 samples [2.77%] were reported positive and 20827 samples [97.23%] were reported negative. According to the results, gender was not a determining factor affecting the susceptibility of patients. Our country is endemic to this disease, so diagnostic and preventive methods are crucial, more over comprehensive national vaccination can help to noticeably reduce the infectious cases caused by the disease
ABSTRACT
Caesarean section is considered as a major surgery which is accompanied by several complications. The present study aimed to determine the effect of behavioral intention model-based educational intervention on reducing the caesarean section among pregnant women. The present interventional study was conducted on 100 primiparous women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were covered by the health and treatment centers of Fasa city, placed in Fars province, Iran. The subjects were selected through simple random sampling and divided into an intervention and a control group. After the pre-test, the intervention group underwent exclusive training based on the behavioral intention model. Then, both groups took part in the post-test and the data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, and chi-square tests. The results of the study revealed a significant difference between the two groups regarding knowledge, evaluation of the outcomes, attitude, and intention [P<0.001]. The results of the chi-square test also showed a significant difference between the two groups regarding their performance [P<0.001]. According to the results, the present intervention was effective in increasing the pregnant women's knowledge, evaluation of outcomes, attitude and strengthening their intention as well as performance. Thus, this model and other systematic trainings are suggested to be used for pregnant women in order to decrease the rate of caesarean section
ABSTRACT
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Two main epidemiological characteristic of disease is tendency for create of sudden outbreaks and the ability to causing a pandemic. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of the disease. This survey is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on reports from the health centers and hospitals covered by city health centers. Rectal swab is obtained from all suspected cases. After reporting each positive case, health team was sent to the location and it completed the epidemiological form. Data were analyzed by version 16 of SPSS software. All reported patients were 44 cases. Epidemic lasted from 4 August to 18 September 2011. Ogawa was the predominant pathogenic serosubtype. 47.7% of all patients admitted to the hospital and 52.3% were treated as outpatients. Most of the patients were in age group >60 years and there were no reports of disease in age group under 15 years. 2 of the 44 patients had mild symptoms of diarrhea, 13 patients had moderate and 29 cases had severe diarrhea. Not affection of age groups less than 15 years indicates epidemic patterns of disease in the city. Severity of symptoms is important in case finding; then, in disease surveillance system we should obtain rectal swab specimen from all cases of diarrhea with severe symptoms
ABSTRACT
Along with other areas in our country, the research in medical sciences is a necessity for the maintenance and improvement of community health. The objectives of this study were to determine the intra-organizational factors of conducting research in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The matrix of the study included entire academic members and research staff of the university where 121 of them were selected randomly for a descriptive cross sectional study. A questionnaire was designed to collect data using Likert Spectrum. The major difficulty was the lack of sufficient free time. Significant differences were seen in respect with the access to facilities and conducting research, assessing expected benefits of conducting research, level of research awareness among academic members with and without research project. Differences in respect with motivation force, collaboration, job satisfaction and expected benefits from conducting research were shown to be not significant. As stated by academic members, their problems involved with conducting research projects provides lesser role of intra-organizational factors compared to that of personal factors. In other words, the most major problems in not doing research are the lack of sufficient time and proper skills in research method and innovation in looking for problems to be solved
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Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of 17,000,000 worldwide deaths annually. If the current trends continue, the number of deaths will increase to 25,000,000 by the year 2020. Lifestyle contributes to many chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between lifestyle and ischemic heart disease. This case-control study was carried out in Damavand sevvom sha'ban hospital. The sample of the study consisted of 65 cases [patients suffering from coronary artery disease] and 65 healthy controls. Data were collected by three questionnaires: General Health Questionnaire [GHQ], FFQ [Food Frequency Questionnaire] and physical activity questionnaire . These questionnaires were completed by interviewing the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. There was a significant correlation between Age, Marital status, Smoking, Physical activity, diet and Mental health and ischemic heart disease. Insufficient physical activity, high fat and low fiber diet, inappropriate mental status were risk factors and major causes of in heart ischemia incidence
ABSTRACT
Research in medical science, as in all other fields of science, is necessary in order to maintain and improve the public health. This is achievable only by researchers and faculty members. This study is attempt to identify intra-organizational factors that influence research planning and related interventions in Tabriz Medical University. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the study group included all faculty members and masters of science [equivalent to faculties] in Tabriz Medical University, of which 121 persons were selected randomly. Lickert style questionnaires were developed to evaluate and compare the attitudes toward project approval process, knowledge about research facilities, departmental cooperations in research, and researchers' capabilities in project execution. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. During a 3 year period, each faculty member had, on average, supervised 5.17 dissertations, conducted 1.15 approved research projects, and had 3.4 presentations in domestic and 0.36 presentations in international conferences. Lack of time was the main problem in conducting research. Comparing faculties with and without research experience, there was significant differences in regard of access to research facilities [p<0.01], assessment of the benefits of research [p<0.02], and the level of research knowledge [p<0.02]; while no significant difference was found regarding motivations, job satisfaction, departmental cooperation, and expecting benefits from conducting research. According to the faculties' views, intra-organizational problems are less important than personal factors in performing research projects; i.e. the main obstacles for research were lack of time, and lack of competence in research methodology and problem-finding. Intra-organizational factors such as delay in project approval and lack of knowledge about research priorities are classified in the next levels