ABSTRACT
Background: H9N2 avian influenza viruses have the potential to become the next human pandemic threat and next generation vaccine technologies are needed. Current studies introduce nanoparticles as a proper vaccine delivery vehicle for induction of protective immunity. In this study, the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticle-based H9N2 influenza vaccine with and without hemokinin-1 [HK-1] as a molecular adjuvant to induce protective immunity against the virus was examined
Methods: The H9N2 antigen was prepared in MDCK cells and inactivated with formalin. The inactivated antigen alone and in combination with HK-1 was encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles. Groups of BALB/c mice received chitosan nanoparticle-based H9N2 antigen alone or in combination with HK-1 in a prime/boost platform via eye drop method. To evaluate the efficacy of the adjuvanted-nanovaccine candidate, systemic antibody responses were compared among the groups of animals
Results: Serological analysis indicated that mice receiving the HK-1/H9N2 nanoparticles formulation induced higher antibody titers that were sustained until the end of experiment. However, in the immunized mice, influenza specific antibody titers were comparable to that in the animals which were immunized either with inactivated antigen alone or the H9N2 nanoparticles without HK-1 adjuvant
Conclusion: The data demonstrate the synergy between HK-1 as an adjuvant and chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery antigen/adjuvant carrier in the improvement of influenza immune responses
ABSTRACT
Introduction and Aims: dietary Tran's fatty acids [TFA] comes mostly from the industrial hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils. TFA also are formed during the natural bacterial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids that occurs in the rumen of polygastric ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The epidemiologic evidences suggest that the intake of Tran's fatty acid may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases [CVD] such as atherosclerosis or chronic heart disease [CHD]. The purpose of the current study is better understanding of effects of TFA on cardiovascular disease. So, the available evidences from studies were reviewed
Materials and Methods: a complete search was performed about the association of TFA intake with risk of CVD in databases electronic such as ISI Web of science and PubMed and also in SID from1993 to 2014
Results: the results of most studies have indicated a significant direct association between the TFA intake and risk of CVD. Also, increasing of TFA intake was related with increased risk of diabetes, systemic inflammation, decreased membrane fluidity, increased serum lipid levels and inflammatory markers
Conclusion: the most evidence for association between the intake of TFA and cardiovascular diseases were related to TFA from hydrogenated vegetable oils and information about the effects of TFA from ruminant was inconsistent. It is necessary performing studies about the effects of rTFA [ruminant Tran's fatty acid] on risk of CVD and banning the use of these fatty acids in the food industry