[ efficacy of developmental attachment-based play therapy on developmental trauma disorder symptoms in children from 3 to 9 years old]

The present study conducted to examine the effect of attachment based play therapy on developmental traumatic disorder [DTD] in children. This semi-experimental study with control group, conducted in 2008, in Mashhad. Fourteen kids [3-9 years], who were diagnosed as having DTD based on Vander Kolk criteria, were selected from child psychiatry clinic in Ibn-e-Sina and dr. Sheikh hospitals. Their parents permitted to involve in this study. Patients were divided to 2 groups of intervention and control groups. Mothers of children completed Yule's scale and for evaluation of children's stress parenting stress index-short form [PSI-SF] for evaluation of parents' stress. Ten sessions of play therapy were conducted for intervention groups. Then mothers in 2 groups completed the tests again. In the variables of age, sex and grade of children also in the age and education of mothers, patients in 2 groups did not have any significant differences [P>0.05]. There were not any significant differences in scores of Yule's scale, PSI-SF and parental distress at base- line between 2 groups [P=0.10, P=0.34 and P=0.58 respectively]. After play therapy these test in the intervention group was significantly different from the control group [P<0.001, P=0.01 and P=0.01 respectively]. The differences in scores of difficult child subscale between 2 groups, before and after intervention were not significant [P=0.86, P=0.14 respectively]. The differences in scores of malfunction in child-parent relation before and after treatment were significant in intervention group [P=0.01] but there were not meaningful differences in control group [P=0.52]. Attachment based developmental play therapy reduces the stress of children and their mothers

Depression and anxiety in Iranian mothers of children with epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in children. Parents with epileptic children have many psychosocial care needs. So the main goal of this study was to evaluate depression and anxiety in Iranian mothers with epileptic children. We identified 30 mothers of children with epilepsy and 30 mothers of children without epilepsy with children aged between 8 and 12 years who met the study criteria. In all children with epilepsy, the mothers were the main caregivers and all these children lived in two-parent families. Children in the control group were in the same age. Ninety-eight percent of children in the control group lived in two-parent families with the mother as the main caregiver. All mothers fulfilled the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. According to these data, BDI scores were significantly higher in the mothers of epileptic children [mean of Beck score=16.5] compared to the control group [mean of Beck score=9.8]. The total, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores for mothers of children with epilepsy were 100.3, 51.7 and 48.6. However, these scores in the control group were 86.9, 45.1 and 41.8. These differences were statistically significant. In a second analysis, using the demographic data, we did not find any statistically significant relation between anxiety or depression and the mothers' job, children's medication and other demographic variables. Neurologists and psychiatrists need to develop better programs for adequate management of psychiatric disorders in mothers with epileptic children

[ evaluation of efficacy of the positive parenting for parents in order improvement of relationship with their adolescents]

Parenting style has significant impact on the growth and development of adolescents. Family factors like inappropriate parenting, parents, disagreements and loss of positive relationship between parents and children are considered as strong predictors to cause and maintain adolescents' emotional-behavioral problems. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the Positive Parenting Program on the parenting styles, adolescents' behavioral problems and improving the relationship between parents and their adolescents. In an interaction with control group study [pre-test, post test] 60 mothers of female students of Varesan-Nour high school of Mashhad [6th zone], were evaluated in case and control groups. Data were collected before and after sessions using Demographic Questionnaire, Parenting Scale, Being a parent Scale, Parenting Problem Checklist, Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] and Client Satisfaction Questionnaire. Positive Parenting methods were taught in 6 two-hour sessions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statics, variance analysis and the SPSS 16. The mean age of mothers, fathers and adolescents in two groups had no statically significant difference. The results related to SDQ in adolescents showed that a change in the mean total score at the end of the intervention is statistically significant [p<0.001]. The mean scores related to Parenting Scales [p<0.001], Being a Parent [p<0.001], and total score of Stress-Anxiety-Depression score [p<0.001] were statistically significant in case group in comparison with control group. Positive parenting education can be effective in improvement of different aspects of parenting styles, parents' adequacy, adolescents' behavioral problems and relationship between parents and adolescents

[Frequency of comorbid disorders and their impact on response to methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] is a common neurobehavioral disorder that affects the educational, social and familial functions of children. ADHD has many comorbid psychiatric disorders which increase the future problems in these children. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of comorbid psychiatric disorders on the response to Methylphenidate in children with ADHD. This study was a descriptive research in the first step and a clinical trial, in the second step. Fifty children with ADHD [aged 6 to 12] referred to child psychiatry clinic of Sheikh Hospital were recruited in the study through consecutive sampling. The diagnosis of ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders were made by a board certified child psychiatrist based on DSM-IV-TR criteria via the clinical interview and Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia [K-SADS]. After obtaining informed consent from mothers Methylphenidate was started based on their age and weight and continued for four weeks. ADHD Rating Scale was completed by mothers before starting the medication and after four weeks. The level of improvement and treatment response was estimated based on test results and clinical judgment of psychiatrist. Statistical analysis was done by McNemar and chi square tests using SPSS version 19. 60% of total 50 patients with the disorder had a good response to treatment. 72% of children with ADHD had at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. The most common comorbidities were: Anxiety disorders in 58%, Disruptive behavior disorders in 54%, Tic disorders in 12% and elimination disorders in 10% of children. Children with ADHD without any comorbidity had better treatment response than children with comorbidities [p<0.05]. In evaluation of treatment response in each comorbidities, there were significant differences between children with good and poor response in anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders [p<0.05]. These differences were not significant in tic and elimination disorders [p>0.05]. Regarding treatment response, there was no significant difference between age, sex, and subtype of ADHD in children with and without comorbidities [p>0.05]. Presence of ADHD psychiatric comorbidities leads to changes in response to Methylphenidate and reduces the treatment response. Response to this treatment may be related to the type of comorbidities

[On the relationship between perceived childhood/adolescent attachments and identity status in 15-17 years adolescents]

The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between perceived childhood attachment and adolescent attachment with identity status. This was a descriptive-analytic, cross sectional study. The sample was consisted of 106 females and 104 males' high school students [15-17 years] in Torbat-e-Jam city, north east of Iran, which was selected through randomized and multistage sampling in 2008-2009. Attachment to parents measured by Attachment to Each Parents Scale and attachment in adolescents measured by Revised Adult Attachment Scale and identity status measured by Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2 Version Scale [EOM-EIS-2]. Data were analyzed through chi square and liner regression analysis. Findings show that secure, non secure-ambivalence and non secure-avoidance attachment styles had the most effect on the achieved identity, respectively. Non secure-avoidance, non secure-ambivalence and secure attachment styles had the most effect on the foreclosure identity, respectively too. Moreover non secure-ambivalence and avoidance attachment styles [positive relationship] and secure attachment style [negative relationship] had the most effect on the moratorium identity respectively and Non secure-avoidance and secure attachment styles [negative relationship] and ambivalence attachment style [positive relationship] had the most effect on the diffused identity respectively. Findings indicated that there are meaningful relationships between perceived childhood attachment style and identity status and between different attachment styles and identity status in high school students

Parenting stress in mothers of children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]

This research was down to compare parenting stress in mothers with ADHD sons and normal ones. This research is a causal-comparing study and the statistical universe was all mothers of 5 to 12 years old sons with ADHD who referred to child psychiatry clinics [Ibn-e-Sina and Dr Sheikh Hospitals] and all mothers of normal sons [5 to 12 years old] were selected in primary and preprimary school at 4[th] educational area of Mashhad city, north-eastern part of Iran. Fifty mothers with ADHD children by at reached sampling and 80 mothers with normal children were selected by cluster sampling. Parenting Stress Index [PSI] was used and data analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistical methods such as t-test in independent groups. Results showed that there was a significant difference between parenting stress [parent's realm] and its branches in mothers of ADHD children and mothers of normal children [P<0.000]. There was a significant difference between parenting stress [child's realm] and its branches in mothers of ADHD children and mothers of normal children [P<0.000] and difference between parenting stress [parent-child's realm] and its branches in mothers of ADHD children and mothers of normal children was significant too [P<0.000]. Mothers with ADHD children had more stress compared with mothers of normal children which it is realized by parenting stress index

[Case-control study of anxiety and depression on parents of children with anxiety disorders]

Anxiety disorder is one of the prevalent disorders among children which could be the cause of many dysfunctions. As many researches have shown the family structure for anxiety disorders, this study is aimed at investigating the frequency of anxiety and depressive disorders in the parents of children with anxiety and comparing it with the control group. In this case-control study, the parents of 30 children which had been diagnosed as an anxiety case by child psychiatrist in Dr. Sheikh Hospital and 30 children without any psychiatric disorder with the age range of 3 to 12 were tested employing Beck Depression Inventory and Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory to evaluate the severity and frequency of depressive and anxiety disorders. The frequency of depression in patients' mothers was significantly higher than the control group [P=0.002] whereas the results among fathers showed no meaningful difference. The frequency of trait anxiety was significantly higher [P=0.004] in patients' mothers in comparison to the control group; however, this revealed no meaningful difference among fathers of the two groups. Although, the frequency of state anxiety in both fathers and mothers of the control group was a little higher than the patient's parents, this showed no significant difference. The results of this study showed that the frequency of depressive and anxiety disorder in patient's mothers was higher than the control group. Also, the findings indicated that the mentioned disorders in patients' fathers did not show any significant difference

relationship between eating disorder and depression in patients with diabetes-type II

Diabetes mellitus-type II is a common chronic illness that limits the patients' lives in many ways. Several studies have shown the high prevalence of eating and depressive disorders in diabetic patients. Regarding to the frequency and probable adverse effects of associated psychiatric disorders on the course and prognosis of the chronic diseases such as diabetes, the present study was designed to investigate the relationship between eating disorders and depression in subjects with Diabetes-type II. Analytic descriptive. This research has been done in Mashad city-Khorasan province-Iran, in 2006. Our subjects were 200 patients with Diabetes-type II between the ages 45-65 years old [mean +/- SD was 52.2+5.8] who were randomly selected from the referred patients to "Khorassan Research Center of Diabetes ". 15% of subjects had eating disorder [based on BES] while remaining 85% were without eating disorder. "Beck Depression Inventory" [BDI] and "Binge Eating Scale" [BES] were performed for the selected subjects. In addition to the assessment of prevalence of eating and depressive disorders we also compared the prevalence of depression in the patients with and without eating disorder. The prevalence of depression [Beck score equal or more than 9] in overall sample was 58% in subjects with eating disorder it was significantly higher [p<.05] than others [70% versus 55.88%]. In the present study, the prevalence of eating disorder and depression were higher in patients with Diabetes Mellitus than general population. Because of the relationship between eating disorder and Diabetes-type II, physicians who treat diabetic patients should be careful about these psychiatric symptoms. The relationship between depression and eating disorder is also notable and shows the importance of considering it in the overall management of these patients