ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The aim of this study was to compare the hepatitis B surface antibody (HBs Ab) titer 1 month after the 4th dose of hepatitis B vaccine administration on the large and appropriate for gestational age infants. @*Materials and Methods@#This cross-sectional study was conducted on 7-month-old cases (n=132) divided into two groups of 2–4 kg (group 1: appropriate for gestational age, 63 cases) and >4 kg (group 2: large for gestational age, 69 cases), whom were vaccinated with a fourdose schedule of hepatitis B vaccine in 2016, Tehran, Iran. @*Results@#Mean birth weight of the groups was 2.98±0.528 and 4.19±0.190 kg, respectively.Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antibody were negative in all cases. HBs Ab level in group 1 and 2 was 13,701.00±11,744.439 and 8,997.15±2,827.191, respectively (95% confidence interval of difference, -7,607.44 to -1,800.25). There was a significant difference between the two groups in antibody titration and antibody logarithm level (p=0.002, p=0.0001). @*Conclusion@#Birth weight may affect the response to the hepatitis B virus vaccine administration.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care.</p><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor among nulliparous women.</p><p><b>DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS</b>This was a randomized clinical trial of 110 nulliparous women. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to two groups of aromatherapy and control in an Iranian maternity hospital. The participants received 0.08 mL of Rosa damascena essence in the aromatherapy group and 0.08 mL of normal saline in the control group, every 30 min. Pain was measured 3 times, once each at three stages of cervical dilation (4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm). Anxiety was measured twice, once each at two stages of cervical dilation (4-7 and 8-10 cm). The tools for data collection were the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, numerical pain rating scale, demographic and obstetric questionnaire, and an observational checklist. Data analyses included the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test.</p><p><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES</b>Severity of labor pain and severity of anxiety were used as primary outcome measures. Labor and delivery characteristics (including number of contractions, duration of contractions in second stage, Bishop score, augmentation by oxytocin, Apgar score, and mode of delivery), demographic characteristics, and fertility information were used as secondary outcome measures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pain severity in the group receiving aromatherapy with R. damascena was significantly lower than in the control group after treatment at each pain assessment (cervical dilation of 4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm; P < 0.05). Anxiety levels were also significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment at each time of measurement (cervical dilation of 4-7 and 8-10 cm; P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Aromatherapy with R. damascena reduced the severity of pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor. Aromatherapy with R. damascena is a convenient and effective method for pain and anxiety reduction during the first stage of labor.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION</b>Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial: IRCT201306258801N3.</p>
ABSTRACT
Cox proportional hazard [CPH] model is the most widely used model for survival analysis. When there are unobserved/unmeasured individuals factor, then the results of the Cox proportional hazard model may not be reliable. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of CPH and frailty models in breast cancer [BC] patients. A historical cohort study was carried out using medical records gathered from the Fars Province Cancer Registry. The dataset consisted of 769 women having BC referred to Shiraz Namazi Hospital, south of Iran. These patients had been followed for 6 years. After selecting the most important prognostic risk factors on survival, CPH and gamma-frailty Cox models were used to estimate the effects of the risk factors. The results of CPH model showed that, tumor characteristics and number of involved lymph nodes increase the mortality hazard of BC [P < 0.05]. In addition, the frailty model showed that there is at least a latent factor in the model [P = 0.005]. Both of the frailty and CPH model emphasis that the early detection of BC improves survival in BC patients.