Hypocholestrolic effect of spent black tea leaves replaced with wheat bran in broiler ration

Black tea leaves [Camellia sinensis] have been known for many years in lowering cholesterol level. The purpose of the present study was to find the effects of spent black tea leaves as a substitute of wheat bran on cholesterol reduction in broiler chicks. For this purpose a total of hundred and fifty [150], day old broiler poultry chicks were purchased from the local market. The spent black tea leaves were collected from tea stalls. Chicks were randomly distributed into 5 main groups according to spent black tea leaves and wheat bran supplementation. Group R[0] was kept as control, containing 120g/kg wheat bran but no spent black tea leaves supplementation; group R30 received spent black tea leaves supplemented feed at the rate of 30g/kg plus 90g/kg wheat bran; group R60 received spent black tea leaves supplemented feed at the rate of 60g/kg plus 60g/kg wheat bran, group R90 received spent black tea leaves supplemented feed at the rate of 90g/kg plus 30g/kg wheat bran and group R120 received the spent black tea leaves supplemented feed at the rate of 120g/kg plus 0 g/kg wheat bran respectively. Each group was carrying three replicate [10 chicks/replicate]. The data was statistically analyzed, using completely randomized design. Mean liver cholesterol per chick on diet R[30], R[60], R[90], and R[120] was 102.22, 93.55, 76.22, 60.78 and 51.55mg/100g. Breast cholesterol per chick on diet R[30], R[60], R[90], and R[120] was 61.89, 51.33, 44.78, 37 and 32.77mg/100g. It was concluded that the addition of spent black tea leaves at the rate of 120g/kg has significant effect on cholesterol reduction and over all performance of broiler chicks and recommended that expensive wheat bran can be effectively replaced by these spent black tea leaves in broiler poultry ration

Clinicians approach to euthanasia in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Objective: to determine the knowledge of clinicians and their opinion about legalization, obstacles in practicing euthanasia and factors that may compel them to practice euthanasia

Methodology: a questionnaire based descriptive study was conducted at public and private hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A questionnaire was distributed randomly to 540 doctors of different specialties and general practitioners. Questions were related to their knowledge, views about legalization, factors and obstacles in practicing euthanasia. The questionnaire was collected from the doctors who filled the form and consented to participate in the study

Results: the response rate was 55%, among them 79% were males. Only 61% [185] knew the meaning of euthanasia, whereas 36% [109] knew about its guidelines and 2% [6] had no knowledge of euthanasia. Amongst clinicians who knew about euthanasia, 84% did not and 16% agreed with its legalization. Reasons mentioned for disagreement with its legalization were religion 95%, moral 61%, ethical 44%, emotional 41% and social 37%. Of those clinicians who agreed with its legalization, 90% would and 10% would not practice it on their patients. Out of them 40% would adopt no resuscitation method, 40% would administer lethal drugs and 20% would withhold or withdraw the treatment

Conclusion: majority of responding clinicians were not aware of euthanasia and any related guidelines. They disagreed with the practice as well as legalization of euthanasia

Effect of dichloromethane fraction of Areca catechu nut on monoamines associated behaviors and tyramine pressor sensitivity in rodents

The current study was aimed at investigating the effect of Areca catechu nut dichloromethane fraction [7 mg/kg] on monoamines [serotonin and dopamine] modulation [5-hydroxytryptophan-induced tremors and phenylethylamine-induced stereotypes] and its interaction with tyramine [cheese effect]. The dichloromethane fraction caused pronounced increase in 5-HTP-induced tremors [50%] with negligible PEA-induced stereotypes [20%]. Additionally, it did not produce a significant increase in the tyramine pressor effects. These results suggest that the dichloromethane fraction of A. catechu nut primarily elevates serotonin levels [probably via monoamine oxidase A inhibition] and does not induce cheese effect

Frequency of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients by ankle brachial index

To determine the frequency of peripheral artery disease [PAD] in diabetic patients by assessing ankle brachial index [ABI]. Cross-sectional study. This study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital for a period of six month from September 2011 to March 2012. All type 2 diabetics of more than two years disease duration, on treatment, of either gender, were included between 41 years to 70 years of ages. Peripheral artery disease was assessed by ankle brachial index [ABI]. Frequency and percentages were presented for gender, smoking status, family history of type 2 diabetes and PAD. Mean and standard deviation was presented for age of patients, duration of diabetes and smoking status. Chi square test was used to compare relative frequencies. A total of 125 patients were included with a mean age of 57.10 +/- 8.77 years. 68 [54.4%] were female. Mean duration of diabetes was 4.62 +/- 2.21 years. PAD was found in 74 [59.2%] while 51 [40.8%] patients were free from PAD. A high frequency of PAD was detected in the diabetic subjects with a female pre-ponderance, with statistically significant association with increasing age, hypertension and duration of diabetes

Body mass index [BMI] of international medical student in OJHA Campus Karachi, Pakistan

Measuring body mass index [BMI] by calculating height and weight gives significant information on the health and nutritional status of individuals. Wide range of factors including blood pressure level, heart disease, asthma, headache, backache, joint pain, anesthesia risks, menstrual abnormalities and insulin resistance is associated with increase in BMI. [1] To measure height and weight for Body Mass Index calculation. [2] To compare national data of Body Mass Index. Cross sectional study. This study was conducted at the Department of Community Medicine, Dow International Medical College [DIMC], Dow university of Health sciences OJHA campus Karachi from April 2012 to April 2013. The sample of the study was 112 medical student selected through random sampling method from DIMC. BMI trend of American student [10.90%] and Pakistani Local student is slightly different were under weight in local Pakistani student [20.65%]. While over weight were more in American student [over weight 29.64%]. Majority of local and International students are fall in Normal range [55.35%]. It was interesting that obesity in American students [3.70%] and local born students [3.44%] was almost same. The study concludes that BMI of International student who were born in Pakistani migrant family have different trend. How ever over all majority of students both local and international fall in normal BMI range

Psychological effects among internally displaced persons [IDPS] residing in two districts of Sindh

To identify the psychological effects of IDPs and to assess the psychological illnesses. Descriptive Cross Sectional study. This study was conducted at shelters surrounding the campus of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro and New Sabzi Mandi, Hyderabad after 1 month of the flood. During study 300 affected Internally Displaced Persons [IDPs] were examined for physical, social and psychological effects after one month of flood through structured interviews. We focused on the behavior and activities according to Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV [DSM-IV] to identify psychological effects. Beside that the history of diet manual in children, male and female gender was addressed. Out of 300 respondents, the mean age was 40 years. According to DSM IV, 134 [44%] participants met the criteria of depression. 30 [10%] IDPs reported aggression. 26 [9%] IDPs met the criteria of post traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], 110 [37%] IDPs reported lack of sleep. Geographically Pakistan faces frequent natural calamities. In recent past Pakistan has suffered a lot due to floods. There is need to focus on mental health of internally displaced persons which is most neglected aspect during and after flood and disasters. The government and nongovernment organizations should make implementing policy to take care of post health issues of IDPs

Epoxidationof ferutinin by different fungi and antibacterial activity of its metabolite

Structural transformation of the sesquiterpene ester, ferutinin [1], by suspended fungal cultures of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Fusarium lini, resulted in the formation of a metabolite. This metabolite was identified as ferutinin alpha-epoxide [2], by different spectroscopic techniques. Metabolite 2 showed a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureuscompared to ferutinin [1]

Frequency and site distribution of oroantral fistula - a study

The objective of the study was to determine the most vulnerable sites and side involved in oroantral fistula creation. Oroantral communication [OAC] and subsequent formation of oroantral fisturla is a common complication of dental extraction of maxillary molars. Chronic oroantral fistula may complicate into chronic sinusitis and its sequelae. The study was carried out on 60 patients with oroantral fistula reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar from Aug 2004 to Aug 2007. diagnostic criteria were history, clinical examination, Periapical views, orthopantomogram and paranasal air sinuses [PNS] view. Maxillary first molar was involved in 60% cases, second molar in 30%, last molar in 6% and premolars in 4% cases. Right side was involved [52%] and left side [48%]

Frequency of lung cancer diagnosed bronchoscopically in a tertiary care chest facility

To evaluate various types of lung malignancies diagnosed through bronchoscopy, and their presentations. This descriptive study was based in a tertiary care chest facility in Peshawar. Duration of the study was from June 2005 - June 2009. The material was obtained from the bronchoscopy record in the chest clinic. All the patients bronchoscoped from June 2005 - June 2009 were studied for their outcome. This study included 425 patients, 306 [72%] were males and 235 [55.3%] of patients were between 31-60 years age. Ninety two [21.6%] patients were diagnosed with lung cancer; of which 73 [79.5%] patients were males and 19 [20.5%] were females. Sixty five [70.7%] of the 92 patients initially presented with shadow on the Chest radiograph, 9 [9.80%] patients had superior vena caval obstruction, 8 [8.70%] patients presented with lung collapse, 6 [6.52%] with haemoptysis, and 4 [4.35%] patients with hoarseness of voice. Forty three [46.7%] patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma, 29 [31.5%] with adenocarcinoma, 17 [18.5%] with small cell type carcinoma and 3 [3.30%] patients had large cell type carcinoma. Fifty four [58.7%] patients of the 92 were smokers or had a history of smoking, Anthracosis was found in 45 [10.6%] patients out of all the 425 patients. Commonest type of lung cancer in this study was squamous cell [46.7%] followed by adenocarcinoma [31.5%] and small cell carcinoma [18.5%]. Squamous cell carcinoma was strongly associated with cigerrete smoking as compared to adenocarcinoma in this study

Outcome of optical internal urethrotomy in urethral stricture: a prospective study

This study was conducted to assess the role of optical internal urethrotomy in patients with urethral stricture. This study was conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar and Khattak Medical Centre Peshawar from March 2003 August 2003. Male patients were selected from the patients presenting with history of urethral stricture regardless of age and etiology. Patients with neurogenic bladder; enlarged prostate, bladder stone or meatal stricture were excluded. All patients were investigated with standardized protocol. Optical internal urethrotomy was performed in all patients and they were followed at monthly interval. The success of procedure was evaluated by grading the patient response as excellent, good, acceptable and poor. Out of 30 patients, 11[36.66%] were between 20 and 30 years of age. The most common cause was trauma 21[70%].The most common site was bulbous urethra in 22 [73.33%] cases followed by membranous urethra in 4[13.33%] cases. In patients with stricture of less than 1 cm, 21/25[84%] showed excellent response while in stricture of more than 1 cm, 1/5[20%] showed excellent response. Excellent results were seen in patients with stricture in 18/22 [81.81%] cases of bulbous urethra. Nine [30%] cases showed minor post operative complications with no major complications. No recurrence was reported in 3 months follow up. Internal optical urethrotomy is a safe first line treatment in urethral stricture independent of the cause. It has low morbidity for the working class people

Triterpenes of Saracococca saligna

The isolation of three triterpenes, Lupeol, Immol and Daturadiol is reported as a new source fromSarecococoa saligna. All the isolated compounds mew purified by column chromatography on silica-gel adma using n-hexane and dichloromethane as solvent. The identity of all the purified compounds was caufinned by chemical and spectroscopic methods isc hiding 'H, "C-NMR, UV, MS etc. Complete 3C-NMR chemical shifts were assigned to Daturadiol will the help of conventional and inverse 2D-NMR vedi?iques [DEPT, HMQC and HMBC] for the first time