Is oral rehydration solution (WHO-ORS) usable up to 24 hours? Studies on the sterility of WHO-ORS and coconut water following environmental exposure

Although it has been stated that WHO-ORAL rehydration solution (ORS) can be used up to 24 hours after preparation, it is frequently observed that the solution becomes turbid or sour before 24 hours. This study has compared the sterility of EHO-ORAL (prepared with one litre of cooled boiled water) and that of coconut water (from two varieties of nut at four different stages of maturity) at 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 24 hours after exposing to the environment. Contamination with faecal coliforms (counts determined by membrane filter method)was seen in ORS at the 6th hour while coconut water (stage 1 and 2) remained uncontaminated even at the 24th hour. If follows that WHO-ORS, once prepared, is fit for human consumption for the duration of six hours only. The rehydration fluid in terms of sterility, particularly in a community setting, are discussed.

The changing incidence of plasmodium vivax infection in subjects with malaria (Short report)

Malaria is still the most important parasitic disease in the tropics. Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium, of which three species are commonly known to infect people living in Union of Myanmar. They are P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae. Although vivax and malariae infections are not generally life threatening , they can cause a sometime severe acute illness. Vivax forms of malaria are characterized by relapses i.e. reappearance of symptoms of parasitaemia following a "latent" or symptomless period of up to five years. Chronic or repeated vivax malaria infection often causes impaired growth in activity in adults. Therefore our findings will suggest closer supervision and effective measures against increasing incidence of vivax malaria in some areas of Myanmar Naing-Ngan.

In vitro and in vivo antimalaial activities of artesunate

Artesunate, a derivative of Quinghaosu (Artemisinine) was test for antimalarial activities against four isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and Plasmodium berghei- mouse model in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Artesunate in vitro was 6.0 p Mol per well whereas in vivo ED 90 was 1.4 mg/kg day.

Tissue typing in kidney transplantation

HL-A typing of lymphocytes is described with reference to kidney transplantation. The history of HL-A, genetics, the specificities, cross-reactions and methodology should all be taken into consideration for proper understanding of tissue typing. The selection of donors for kidney transplantation is discussed with reference to match grade and clinical rank. Computerized national and international collaboration schemes help distribute kidneys to get compatible matches. Allografts perform better when HL-A typing is well matched.