Indirect carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas treated by transvenous approach through the superior ophthalmic vein: A case report and technical note.

Objective: To present the results of our treatment of indirect carotid- cavernous sinus fistulas with surgical exposure of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), retrograde venous catheterization, and coil embolization of the cavernous sinus in a patient whom the standard transvenous catherization for treatment of indirect carotid–cavernous fistulas had failed. Methods: No method Results: Complete fistula obliteration was accompanied by recovery of the clinical symptoms. Conclusion: The surgical SOV approach might be sufficient when standard endovascular intervention does not succeed. The technique is safe and effective when performed by an interdisciplinary team.