Maternal and perinatal health indicators from 2019 to 2022: Data from the POGS Nationwide Statistics System / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objectives@#The objectives of this study were to present maternal and perinatal health indicators for the years 2019–2022. @*Methodology@#This is a cross-sectional review that analyzed data on maternal and perinatal health indicators, generated from submissions of POGS-accredited hospitals (training and service) from January 2019 to December 2022. The data were compared to the national data obtained from official public documents published by the Philippine Statistics Authority in 2022 and 2023.@*Results@#The number of member hospitals has steadily increased over the years, and compliance rates have been consistently over 85%. The total number of registered cases and live births declined in 2020 and 2021, but has increased to prepandemic levels in 2022. The primary cesarean section (CS) rates remained above 20%, with the highest rate noted in 2021 (25.5%). The top three-most common indications for primary CS were dysfunctional labor, fetal distress, and malpresentation. Stillbirth, perinatal, and maternal mortality rates showed an increase from 2019 to 2022, with peak rates registered for the year 2021. The top five causes of maternal death are: medical complications, hemorrhage, hypertension, infection, and others (unspecified). The case fatality rate among pregnant patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection was 1.18%.@*Conclusion@#From 2019 to 2021, there was a decline in the number of registered cases and live births, and an increase in the primary CS rates, maternal mortality ratio, perinatal death rates, and stillbirth rates. This may be explained by the prevailing social, health, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during these years.

Toxicidad y afectación en la locomoción de Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille 1811) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) tratados con análogos de girgensohnina / Toxicity and affectation in locomotion of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille 1811) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) treated with analogues of girgensohnine

Resumen Introducción: Análogos del alcaloide girgensohnina, diseñados y sintetizados para inhibir a la enzima acetilcolinesterasa, han presentado efecto insecticida sobre insectos vectores de enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la actividad insecticida de 12 análogos sintéticos de gingersohnina sobre ninfas del primer estadio de Triatoma dimidiata. Materiales y Métodos: Se tomó como referencia el protocolo de la OMS 2005. Ninfas del primer estadio de T. dimidiata fueron expuestas a los análogos por aplicación tópica y exposición a superficies para determinar las dosis letales (DL50 y DL95) y verificar alteración en la locomoción mediante el software Videomex V. Resultados: El análogo 6 presentó la mayor actividad insecticida a las 72h con una mortalidad del 20,8% ± 3,57 para el tratamiento de topicación 25% ± 0,00 para las superficies no porosas. Las dosis letales de la molécula 6 fueron: DL50 1036,8 ± 0,38 ng/insecto y DL95 3991,4 ± 0,50 ng/insecto respectivamente. Con respecto a la locomoción, el análogo indujo un comportamiento similar al insecticida comercial deltametrina.

Abstract Introduction: Analogs of the girgensohnine alkaloid, designed and synthesized to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme, have presented an insecticidal effect on vectors insects of diseases. Objective: To determine the insecticidal activity of 12 synthetic analogs of gingersohnine in first stage nymphs of Triatoma dimidiata. Materials and methods: WHO protocol 2005, using exploratory doses, was used to determine the best molecule according to its mortality. First stage nymphs of T. dimidiata were exposed to different doses of the analogs by topical application and surface exposure. Lethal doses (LD50 and DL95) and alterations in locomotion using Videomex V software were determined. Results: Analog 6 presented the highest insecticidal activity at 72 h with a mortality of 20.8% ± 3.57 for topical treatment and 25%±0,0 for non-porous surfaces evaluation. Analog 6 lethal doses were LD50 1036.8 ± 0.38 ng/insecto and DL95 3991.4 ± 0.508 ng/insecto, respectively. With regard to locomotion, analogue 6 induced a similar behavior to that observed for commercial insecticide deltametrin.

Synthesis of new α-amino nitriles with insecticidal action on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of arboviral pathogens that may cause diseases as dengue fever, chikungunya and zika. The harmful environmental effects of commercial pesticides coalesced with the development of insecticide-resistant populations encourage the discovery and generation of new alternative products as a tool to reduce the incidence of vector-borne diseases. In this work, through the classic three component Strecker reaction of commercial benzaldehydes, cyclic secondary amines and KCN, a new series of nine α-amino nitriles, girgensohnine analogs, has been synthetized and screened for larvicide and adulticide properties against A. aegypti, one of the dominant vectors of dengue, chikungunya and zika in tropical and subtropical areas all over the world. Molecules 3 and 4 were identified as potential larvicidal agents with LC50 values of 50.55 and 69.59 ppm, respectively. Molecule 3 showed 100% of mortality after 2 h of treatment when a concentration of 30 ppm in adulticidal assays was evaluated. Additionally, in order to elucidate the mode of action of these molecules, their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory properties were evaluated using the Ellman assay. It was found that the molecules possess a weak AChE inhibitory activity with IC50 values between 148.80 and 259.40 µM, indicating that AChE could not be a principal target for insecticide activity.

Insecticidal action of synthetic girgensohnine analogues and essential oils on Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Acción insecticida de análogos sintéticos de girgensohnina y de aceites esenciales sobre Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The alkaloid girgensohnine has been used as a natural model in the synthesis of new alkaloid-like alpha-aminonitriles with insecticidal effect against disease vectors. Objective: To evaluate the biocide activity of girgensohnine analogues and essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis and Eucalyptus citriodora in stage I and stage V Rhodnius prolixus nymphs. Materials and methods: We used a topical application model in tergites and sternites, as well as exposure to treated surfaces with different exploratory doses of each of the molecules and essential oils to determine the lethal doses (LD50 and LD95). Results: Analogue 3 showed the highest insecticidal activity with 83.3±16.7% of mortality when applied on tergites, 38.9±4.8% on sternites and 16.7±0% on treated surfaces in stage I nymphs at 72 hours (h) and 500 mg.L-1. In stage V nymphs, the compounds induced mortality only in sternums (11.1±9.6% for analogue 6 and 5.5±4.7% for analogues 3 and 7 at 72 h and 1500 mg.L-1). The lethal doses for molecule 3 on tergites in stage I nymphs were LD50 225.60 mg.L-1 and LD95 955.90 mg.L-1. The insecticidal effect of essential oils was observed only in stage I nymphs, with 11.1±4.8% for C. flexuosus when applied in sternites, while using exposure to surfaces treated it was 5.6±4.8% for C. sinensis applied on tergites and 8.3±0% on sternites at 72 h and 1000 mg.L-1. Conclusion: Synthetic girgensohnine analogues, and C. flexuosus and C. sinensis essential oils showed insecticidal activity in R. prolixus. Analogue 3 showed the greatest insecticidal activity among all molecules and oils evaluated under our laboratory conditions.

RESUMEN Introducción. El alcaloide natural girgensohnina se ha usado como modelo en la síntesis de nuevos análogos de alcaloidales alfa-aminonitrílicos con efecto insecticida en vectores de enfermedades. Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad biocida de análogos de girgensohnina y de aceites esenciales de las plantas Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis y Eucalyptus citriodora en ninfas de estadios I y V de Rhodnius prolixus. Materiales y métodos. Se empleó la aplicación tópica en terguitos, esternitos y superficies tratadas con diferentes dosis exploratorias de cada una de las moléculas y aceites esenciales para determinar las dosis letales (LD50 y LD95). Resultados. El análogo 3 tuvo la mayor actividad insecticida, con una mortalidad de 83,3±16,7% en los terguitos, de 38,9±4,8 % en los esternitos y de 16,7±0 % a las 72 horas en ninfas de estadioI expuestas a superficies tratadas y 500 mg.L-1. En las ninfas de estadio V solo se presentó mortalidad en los esternitos (11,1±9,6 % con el análogo 6 y 5,5±4,7 % con los análogos 3 y 7 a las 72 h y 1.500 mg.L-1). Las dosis letales para la molécula 3 en los terguitos de ninfas de estadio I fueron las siguientes: DL50, 225,60 mg.L-1 y DL95, 955,90 mg.L-1. En cuanto a los aceites esenciales, el efecto insecticida solo se presentó con C. flexuosus (11,1±4,8%) en los esternitos de ninfas de estadio I expuestas a superficies tratadas; con C. sinensis (5,6±4,8%) en los terguitos y en los esternitos (8,3±0%) a las 72 horas y 1.000 mg.L-1. Conclusión. Los análogos sintéticos del alcaloide girgensohnina y los aceites esenciales de C. flexuosus y C. sinensis exhibieron actividad insecticida en R. prolixus. El análogo 3 exhibió la mayor actividad insecticida de todas las moléculas evaluadas bajo las condiciones de laboratorio.

Trastorno por déficit de atención en la edad adulta y en universitarios / Attention deficit disorder in adulthood and college students

Resumen El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) ha sido identificado desde el siglo XIX y a lo largo del tiempo ha cambiado su nomenclatura. Actualmente se considera como un trastorno del neurodesarrollo cuya edad de inicio es antes de los 12 años, con la persistencia de los síntomas de desatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad durante seis meses y que no correspondan al nivel de desarrollo de las personas, que causan un deterioro clínicamente significativo en diferentes áreas de la vida (académica, familiar, social y en el caso de los adultos en la laboral), e impacta el funcionamiento psicosocial. La etiología y patogénesis muestran una disfunción frontosubcortical y alteraciones en los sistemas dopaminérgico y noradrenérgico, principalmente. Los procesos cognoscitivos del TDAH están relacionados con la disfunción de estas estructuras y los procesos que integran la función ejecutiva. La prevalencia en adultos es de 4.4%, y ésta debe considerarse como un signo de alerta para el diagnóstico y tratamiento en esta población. En el caso de los universitarios y adultos con TDAH las dificultades que presentan no sólo se centran en los síntomas cardinales del trastorno sino en otros déficits asociados a la función ejecutiva como planeación, organización, déficit en el control inhibitorio, pobre manejo del tiempo y postergación de las actividades que pueden afectar las áreas académicas, laborales, relaciones sociales, familiares y actividades cotidianas, lo que disminuye la calidad de vida de las personas. El incremento de accidentes, conductas delictivas, dificultades para el manejo de las finanzas personales y de relaciones interpersonales impactan el funcionamiento psicosocial de los jóvenes. Se ha considerado importante identificar y diagnosticar no solo al TDAH, sino también la comorbilidad de trastornos de ansiedad, episodio depresivo mayor, y uso y abuso de alcohol y sustancias. El tratamiento indicado para este trastorno es multimodal, es decir, psicofarmacológico con la utilización de estimulantes y no estimulantes e intervenciones psicosociales. Por todo lo anterior, se recomienda que el estudiante cuente con la guía de un tutor o consejero, para aplicar estrategias para el aprendizaje y desarrollar habilidades que les faciliten alcanzar sus metas, y de esta forma concluir satisfactoriamente sus estudios e ingresar a la actividad laboral.

Abstract The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has been identified since the nineteenth century and over time has changed its nomenclature. Now it is considered as a neurodevelopmental disorder with a beginning age under 12, that involves the persistence of inattention symptoms, hyperactivity and impulsivity for at least six months, that do not correspond to their level of development and lead to clinically significant deterioration of certain areas in their everyday life (academic, family, social and in the case of adults in the workplace), which impact psychosocial functioning. The etiology and pathogenesis show, mainly, a fronto-subcortical dysfunction and alterations in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. Cognitive processes of ADHD are related to the dysfunction of these structures and the processes that integrate the executive function. The estimated prevalence of 4.4% should be considered a warning sign for the diagnosis and treatment of this population. In the case of college students and adults with ADHD that have difficulties it is important to not only focus on the cardinal symptoms of the disorder but in other deficits associated with executive functions such as planning, organization, deficit in inhibitory control, poor time management and procrastination activities that can affect the academic and industrial areas, social relationships, family and everyday activities which decreases their life quality. The increase of accidents, criminal behavior, difficulty in managing personal finances and relationships affect their psychosocial functioning. It is important not only identify and diagnose ADHD, but also comorbidity with anxiety disorders, major depressive episodes and the use of alcohol and substance abuse. The type of treatment for this disorder is multimodal, since it invoves a psychopharmacological treatment that involve the use of stimulants, non-stimulants and psychosocial interventions. Because of these reasons, a guidance, councilor or tutor for the student is strongly recommended to implement learning strategies and help develop skills that will facilitate them to achieve their goals, and thus successfully complete their studies and eventually start working.

Comparaçäo entre ELISA com anticorpos policlonais e monoclonais para avaliaçäo do conteúdo de glicoproteina em vacina contra a raiva tipo Fuenzalida & OPalacios / Comparison betwen ELISA with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for evaluating glycoprotein content in \"Fuenzalida & Palacios\" rabies vaccine

Enzyme immunoassay is a valuable, rapid, and reproducible technique for the quantitative determination of rabies antigens in Fuenzalida & Palacios Rabies Vaccines. This study was performed in paltes sensitized with purified whole virus antibodies and the antigen seizured has been demonstrated with three different conjugates: anti whole total virus, anti-glycoprotein monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies conjugated woth peroxidase. The objective of this study was quantify the glycoprotein content of Fuenzalida & Palcios Rabies Vaccine and to compare thoses results wiwth the National Institute of Health Test (NIH)