Vaccine candidates against nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: a review

Nonencapsulated, nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae [NTHi] remains an important cause of acute otitis and respiratory diseases in children and adults. NTHi bacteria are one of the major causes of respiratory tract infections, including acute otitis media, cystic fibrosis, and community-acquired pneumonia among children, especially in developing countries. The bacteria can also cause chronic diseases such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the lower respiratory tract of adults. Such bacteria express several outer membrane proteins, some of which have been studied as candidates for vaccine development. Due to the lack of effective vaccines as well as the spread and prevalence of NTHi worldwide, there is an urgent need to design and develop effective vaccine candidates against these strains

Distribution of class I integron and smqnr resistance gene among stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from clinical samples in Iran

Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia [S. maltophilia] is a multiple-antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogen that is being isolated with increasing frequency from patients with health-care-associated infections. S. maltophilia is inherently resistant to most of the available antimicrobial agents. Spread of resistant strains has been attributed, in part, to class I integrons. In vitro susceptibility studies have shown trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and new floroquinolones as two important agents with activity against these organisms

Methods: 150 isolates of S. maltophilia were isolated from clinical samples such as respiratory discharges, sputum, and catheter and hospital environments. These isolates were also subjected to susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction for four groups of genes including int encoding integron elements, sulI and sulII encoding trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance and smqnr encoding quinolone resistance

Results: The rate of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was up to 27 [18%] and the highest resistance to quinolone family belonged to ofloxacin [20%] and the lowest rate was for gatifloxacin [16%]. The results showed that 14% of isolates contained integron elements concomitantly with sulI and sulII genes

Conclusion: Resistance rate of S. maltophilia to co-trimoxazole and fluoroquinolones and detection of integron elements between isolates in this study showed that this rate corresponded to other data obtained from other studies