Evaluation of DNA damage in vivo by comet assay and chromosomal aberrations for pyrethroid insecticide and the antimutagenic role of curcumin

Background: Esfenvelerate a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used in the home environment and in agriculture because of its high activity against a broad spectrum of insect pests and its low animal toxicity

Objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of esfenvelerate and the possible protective role of curcumin against this genotoxicity

Material and methods: Forty male albino rats were divided into 8 groups of 5 rats each: G1 served as control and G2 served as positive control received [100mg/kg curcumin], G3,G4 and G5 were orally administrated with [1/20 LD50, 1/40 LD50 and 1/60 LD50 of esfenvelerate] respectively and the last three groups[G6,G7and G8] were received the same doses of pesticide plus 100mg /kg curcumin for 28 days daily. Animals were sacrificed and bone marrow samples were collected for chromosomal aberration assay test and liver samples were used for DNA damage detection by comet assay

Results: chromosome aberration assay revealed that all the tested doses induced chromosomal aberrations [CA] such as centromeric gaps, chromatid gaps, chromatid deletion, dicentric chromosome, and ring chromosome. The alkaline comet assay showed significantly increased tail moment, tail length and tailed DNA % in liver cells of animals treated with esfenvelerate alone compared to control group. On the other hand, oral curcumin significantly ameliorated the genotoxicity induced by esfenvelrat. All these results clarified the efficacy of curcumin in amelioration of chromosomal aberrations of structures as well as DNA damage which may result from its antioxidant properties

Protective effects of curcumin for oxidative stress and histological alterations induced by pyrethroid insecticide in Albino rats

Esfenvalerate[esfen] is a type II of synthetic pyrethroid that has replaced other groups of insecticides due to its improved insecticidal potency. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides on liver tissues of rats and the possible role of antioxidant plant [curcumin] as a protective agent against oxidative stress and histological alterations. Forty male albino rats were divided into 8 groups of 5 rats /each: G1: served as control and G2: served as positive control received [100mg/kg curcumin], G3,G4 and G5 had oral administration [1/20 LD50, 1/40 LD50 and 1/60 LD50 of esfenvelerate] respectively and the last three groups[G6,G7and G8] were received the same doses of pesticide plus 100mg /kg curcumin for 28 days daily. Exposure of rats to [esfen] induced significant increase in the levels of MDA and significant decrease in total protein, GSH ,SOD and catalase whilst the insecticides doses plus curcumin showed decrease in MDA for high and medium dose and ameliorated the reduction of total protein concentration in low dose. We showed that curcumin acts as an effective antioxidant for esfen pesticide toxicity by reducing oxidative stress burden and histological damage

Toxicological effects of fenitrothion and vitamin E as antioxidant agent on the biochemical, cytogenetic and histopathological parameters of white rats

The use of pesticides has been increased considerably nowadays compared to the past. The hazards of using such chemical compounds have been accentuated by the sharp rise of their use in agriculture, industry, by householders and governments. Exposure to organophosphorus insecticides [OPI] in agriculture is one of the occupational hazards. Fenitrothion is one of the most important OPI. The major object of the present study was to evaluated the toxicological [biochemical, mutagenic and histopathological] effects of tested insecticide [fenitrothion] alone or combined to vitamin E as an antioxidant agent to decrease their toxic effect. male albino rats were tested orally for 30 days, three doses of fenitrothion were used in absence and presence of vitamin E [1/20, 1/40 and 1/80 LD50]. the obtained data showed marked changes in biochemical parameter, highly inhibition of AchE activity; highly significant increase in the frequency of micronucleus [PCEM] in rat bone marrow cells at all doses of fenitrothion alone or combined to vitamin compared to control group. Also, the histopathological examination of liver and kidney tissues revealed high alternation in these tissues corresponding to biochemical changes. From these results we concluded that fenitrothion exert biochemical, mutagenic and histopathological effects in white rats. In addition, vitamin E has mild role in alleviating these toxicological effects

Tfg-Mi, a root-knot nematode resistance gene from fenugreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum] confers nematode resistance in tomato

Several root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne spp.] resistance genes have been discovered in different plants. For the first time, the Mi gene from fenugreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum] was detected in this study. A candidate root-knot nematode resistance gene [designated as Tfg-Mi] was isolated from the resistant fenugreek line Giza 3 by degenerate PCR amplification combined with the RACE technique. Also, another two candidate root-knot nematode resistance genes [designated as To-Mi11 and To-Mi12] were isolated from the resistant tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum] line Nemagard. Expression profiling analysis revealed that both genes were highly expressed in roots, leaves and flowers and expressed at a lower level in stems, but are not detectable in fruits. To verify the function of Tfg-Mi, a sense vector containing the genomic DNA spanning the full coding region of Tfg-Mi was constructed and transferred into root-knot nematode susceptible tomato plants. Sixteen transgenic plants carrying one to five copies of T-DNA inserts were generated from two nematode susceptible tomato cultivars. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of Tfg- Mi gene varied in different transgenic plants. PCR assays showed that the resistance to root-knot nematodes was significantly improved in some transgenic lines compared to untransformed susceptible plants, and that the resistance was heritable