ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Citrus is one of the major exported fruits of Pakistan. Especially Kinnow cultivar is famous across the globe because of its aroma and taste. The overall production of citrus is reported as half of the potential because of the non-adoption of research-based practices and lack of agricultural extension services and training of the citrus growers. In the last few years, the department of agricultural extension has started training programs called Farmer Field Schools (FFS) for citrus growers in the major citrus growing zone of the Punjab province, i.e., Sargodha region. This research was conducted in the Sargodha district to evaluate the knowledge and skills gained by the farmers from the FFS. The interview schedule was designed for the purpose of data collection. The data was collected from 120 farmers randomly selected from 15 FFS in the study area. All the respondents were participants of the FFS. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The Results of the study showed that 40% of the farmers learned about citrus verities, one-third of respondents learned about the management of new plants/orchards, 28% of the respondents got knowledge about the cultivation of fruits, and one-fourth of respondents acquired knowledge and skills about layout and management of citrus orchards. These findings conclude that training course has a positive influence on farmers' farm management skills; hence emphasize on its persistence and further improvement by the concerned authorities.
RESUMO: Os citros são as principais frutas exportadas do Paquistão, especialmente, a cultivar Kinnow é famosa em todo o mundo por causa de seu aroma e sabor. A produção geral de citros é relatada como a metade do potencial devido a não adoção de práticas baseadas em pesquisas e a falta de serviços de extensão agrícola e treinamento dos citricultores. Nos últimos anos o departamento de extensão agrícola iniciou programas de treinamento chamados Farmer Field Schools (FFS) para citricultores na maior zona de cultivo de citros da província de Punjab, no distrito de Sargodha. Esta pesquisa é conduzida no distrito de Sargodha para avaliar o conhecimento e as habilidades adquiridas pelos agricultores da FFS. O cronograma de entrevistas foi elaborado para fins de coleta de dados. Os dados foram coletados de 120 agricultores aleatoriamente de 15 FFS na área de estudo. Todos os entrevistados eram participantes da FFS. Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico "Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS"). Os resultados do estudo mostraram que 40% dos agricultores aprenderam informações importantes sobre citros, um terço dos entrevistados aprenderam sobre o manejo de novas plantas / pomares, 28% dos entrevistados aprenderam sobre o cultivo de frutas e um quarto dos entrevistados adquiriu os conhecimentos e habilidades sobre layout e manejo de pomares de citros. Essas descobertas concluem que o curso de treinamento tem uma influência positiva nas habilidades de gestão das propriedades; portanto, suporta a necessidade de sua persistência e melhorias adicionais pelas autoridades para alavancar ainda a produtividade essa atividade no futuro.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To find out the frequency of gastric varices in patients with portal hypertension based on endoscopic findings
Study Design: Descriptive Study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from Jan to Jun 2011
Material and Methods: All patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected through consecutive sampling. The patients presenting with hematemesis, melena or ascites with portal hypertension on ultrasound abdomen were admitted in the hospital. The patients were first stabilized hemodynamically and then kept empty stomach for at least four hours before endoscopy. The patients were sedated with intravenous midazolam and endoscopic findings obtained were entered on the patient proforma
Results: The overall frequency of gastric varices was 11%, whereas 89% had no gastric varices
Conclusion: A large number of patients with portal hypertension have gastric varices. It is recommended that endoscopy be carried out in all patients with identified portal hypertension
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of the study is to compare circumcision by plastibell and open method in terms of bleeding, infection and cosmesis
Study Design: Randomized clinical trial
Place and Duration of Study: Surgical ward, Combined Military Hospital, Kharian from Aug 2011 to Sep 2012
Material and Methods: All individuals fulfilling inclusion criteria underwent circumcision in the operation theatre of CMH Kharian as indoor patients, under local anaesthesia and aseptic measures. In group 1, circumcision was done using plastibell where as in group 2, circumcision was done by open method
Results: Mean age in plastibell group was 3.37 months [SD=1.77] and in open group was 3.12 months [SD=1.33] [p=0.100]
In plastibell group 18% had bleeding however in open group 4% had bleeding [p<0.001]. In plastibell group 4% patients had infection. However in open group 15% had infection [p<0.001]
In plastibell group 82% parents were satisfied whereas 18% had extra skin, whereas in open group 96% parents were satisfied, 1% had extra skin and 3% had less skin [p<0.001]
Conclusion: Circumcision being a commonest surgical procedure demands careful selection of the operative procedure because plastibell method is superior in terms of post-operative infection whereas open method is better in terms of cosmesis and post-operative bleeding
ABSTRACT
To compare polypropylene suture and skin staples for securing mesh in Lichtenstein inguinal hernioplasty in terms of mean operating time and postoperative pain. Randomized clinical trial. Surgical Ward, Combined Military Hospital, Kharian, from August 2011 to February 2012. All individuals fulfilling inclusion criteria underwent elective Lichtenstein inguinal hernioplasty as admitted patients, under spinal anaesthesia and with aseptic measures. In group 1, during the operation, mesh fixation was done with 2/0 polypropylene suture and skin was closed with subcuticular 2/0 polypropylene suture whereas in group 2, the anchorage of mesh was done with skin staples and skin was closed with staples from the same stapler. Mean operative time and postoperative pain, assessed on a visual analog score, were compared between the groups. The overall postoperative pain was lower [p = 0.026] when staples were used to anchor mesh. Moreover, operative time was also lower [37.42 +/- 2.69 minutes] in staple group versus [42.44 +/- 2.55 minutes in polypropylene group]. Mean operating time and postoperative pain is less in securing mesh with skin staples as compared to polypropylene suture in Lichtenstein inguinal hernioplasty
ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the frequency of allergic contact dermatitis in patients with hand eczema by using patch test
Material and Methods: this was a descriptive case study conducted at the Department of Dermatology, SIMS/Services Hospital, Lahore. Fifty patients with the clinical suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis of hand, aged 12 years and above of either sex were enrolled. Patients with active eczema, using oral corticosteroids and other immune-suppressive drugs as well as pregnant females were excluded from the study. The allergens used were from European Standard Series, from corticosteroid and cutaneous drug reaction series
Results: there were 50 patients, 25 males and 25 females. Their age ranged from 16 to 66 years, Mean duration of disease was 3 years. Regarding occupation there were 15 house-wives, 7 masons, 7 shopkeepers, 4 factory workers, 4 students, 4 teachers, 3 doctors and others. A personal or family history of atopy was seen in 2 [4%] patients. Thirty patients [60%] reacted positively to various allergens, 14 [28%] patients to fragrance mix, 8 [16%] to potassium dichromate, 7 [14%] patients to nickel sulphate, 7 [14%] patients to paraben mix, 6 [12%] patients to phenylenediamine, 5 [10%] patients to cobalt chloride, 4 [8%] patients to mercapto mix and 4[8%] patients to propylene glycol and others
Conclusion: patients with hand eczema should be subjected to patch test with various allergens determine its cause and measures taken to avoid them