ABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the clinical, epidemiological, and prognostic features of the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic in 2020. METHODS: This retrospective study involved subjects from seven centers that were admitted and found to be positive for H1N1 or COVID-19 real-time polymerase chain reaction test. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients with H1N1 and 309 patients with COVID-19 were involved in the study. H1N1 patients were younger than COVID-19 ones. While 58.7% of H1N1 patients were female, 57.9% of COVID-19 patients were male. Complaints of fever, cough, sputum, sore throat, myalgia, weakness, headache, and shortness of breath in H1N1 patients were statistically higher than in COVID-19 ones. The duration of symptoms until H1N1 patients were admitted to the hospital was shorter than that for COVID-19 patients. Leukopenia was more common in COVID-19 patients. C-reactive protein levels were higher in COVID-19 patients, while lactate dehydrogenase levels were higher in H1N1 ones. The mortality rate was also higher in H1N1 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic is a major public health problem that continues to affect the world with its high rate of contagion. In addition, no vaccines or a specific drug for the benefit of millions of people have been found yet. The H1N1 pandemic is an epidemic that affected the whole world about ten years ago and was prevented by the development of vaccines at a short period. Experience in the H1N1 pandemic may be the guide to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic from a worse end.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , COVID-19 , Retrospective Studies , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Hygiene deficiency causes type 1 (oral) halitosis. There are short and long-term studies on the anti-halitosis effect of mouth rinses but less knowledge on their instant effects. The aim of this study was to compare instant and freshness effects of 8 mouth rinses on type 1 halitosis. Ninety self-reported halitosis patients (19-58 y.o., median 31) were randomly divided into 9 groups. Cysteine (20 mM) challenge test was applied to obtain maximum halitosis level in the mouth of each patient. Single use of 8 different mouth rinses (R1-R8) and tap water (R0) were tested on each group (n=10). Afterward, patients were requested to score oral freshness effect of the mouth rinse on a 5-point scale (0, bad; 5, fresh). Minimum halitosis level was obtained by rinsing with 20 mMol ZnCL2. In each step, oral gas (organic, NH3, SO2, H2S, H2) concentrations were quantified by using a portable multi-gas detector (MX6, IndSci, US). The ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the quantitative measurements. R3 (Halitosil Zn) mouth rinse was found to be have the highest instant anti-halitosis effect while the R2 (Colgate plax) had the lowest. The sensation of freshness was highest in R7 (Oxyfresh power mouth rinse lemon-mint) and lowest in R8 (Signal expert protection). The freshness effect was not associated with the anti-halitosis effect (r= 0.185, p=0.608). Mouth rinses containing ZnCl2 without alcohol are instantly effective on halitosis. Mouth rinses containing ethyl and other alcohols (including glycol, sorbitol, menthol, eucalyptol, thymol, xylitol and eugenol) were found to be less effective on halitosis.
La deficiencia de higiene causa halitosis tipo 1 (oral). Se han reportado efectos anti-halitosis a corto o largo plazo de los enjuagatorios bucales, pero se desconocen sus efectos instantáneos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto instantáneo y de frescura de 8 enjuagues bucales en la halitosis tipo 1. Noventa pacientes (19-58 años, mediana 31) que reportaron sufrir halitosis se dividieron aleatoriamente en 9 grupos. Se aplicó la prueba de provocación con cisterna (20 mM) para obtener el máximo nivel de halitosis en la boca de cada paciente. El uso individual de 8 enjuagues bucales diferentes (R1-R8) y agua del grifo (R0) se probó en cada grupo (n = 10). Posteriormente, se pidió a los pacientes que puntuaran el efecto de la frescura oral del enjuague bucal en una escala de 5puntos (0, malo; 5, fresco). El nivel mínimo de halitosis se obtuvo con 20 mMol de ZnCL2 enjuague. En cada paso, se cuantificaron las concentraciones de gases orales (orgánicos, NH3, SO2, H2S, H2) mediante el uso de un detector portátil de múltiples gases (MX6, IndSci, EE. UU.)Se encontró que el enjuague bucal R3 (Halitosil Zn) tiene un mayor efecto antihalitosis instantáneo, mientras que el R2 (Colgate plax) fue el más bajo. El sentido de frescura fue mayor en el enjuague bucal R7 (enjuague bucal Oxyfresh power lemon-mint) mientras que fue bajo en R8 (protección experta de Signal). El efecto de frescura no se asoció con el efecto anti-halitosis (r = 0.185, p=0.608). Los enjuagues bucales que contienen ZnCl2 sin alcohol son instantáneamente efectivos en la halitosis. Se encontró que los enjuagues bucales que contenían etil y otros alcoholes (incluidos glicol, sorbitol, mentol, eucaliptol, timol, xilitol y eugenol) son menos efectivos para el control de la halitosis.