ABSTRACT
The pandemic caused by the worldwide spread of the coronavirus,which first appeared in 2019,has been named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).More than 4.5 million deaths have been recorded due to the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),according to the World Health Organization.COVID-19 Dashboard in September 2021.Apart from the wildtype,other variations have been successfully transmitted early in the outbreak although they were not discovered until March 2020.Modifications in the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material,such as mutation and recombi-nation,have the ability to modify the viral life span,along with transitivity,cellular tropism,and symptom severity.Several processes are involved in introducing novel vaccines to the population,including vaccine manufacturing,preclinical studies,Food and Drug Administration permission or cer-tification,processing,and marketing.COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed by a number of public and private groups employing a variety of strategies,such as RNA,DNA,protein,and viral vectored vaccines.This comprehensive review,which included the most subsequent evidence on unique features of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated morbidity and mortality,was carried out using a systematic search of recent online databases in order to generate useful knowledge about the COVID-19 updated versions and their consequences on the disease symptoms and vaccine development.
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is encountered as an important health problem. It was exposed that in the pathophysiology of AD, formation, and aggregation of amyloid β from amyloid precursor protein ( APP), was restrained by α-secretase group, ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) enzymes. From this perspective, ADAM group of enzymes can be presumably used in the future both as a diagnostic marker, and potential treatment modality. In our study, 9 cases with or without AD in different age groups with various causes of death who were autopsied in the Bursa Morgue Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey were included in the study. Tissue samples harvested from temporal regions of the brains of the cases were immunohistochemically stained with β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), ADAM9, ADAM10, and ADAM17. The specimens were evaluated as for distribution, and intensity of staining. The lowest mean distribution score of immunohistochemical staining (2.44) was detected for β-APP, and ADAM 9, while it was 3 for ADAM10. The highest distribution score (3.11) belonged to ADAM17. Our aim was to analyze histochemically cerebral β-APP and ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM17 expressions in cases with and without a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Based on their staining patterns, we revealed their characteristic features, compared our study results with those of the scarce number of studies in the literature, and despite our limited number of cases, we intended to contribute to the future studies.