ABSTRACT
The Ewing's sarcoma family can present diagnostic difficulties. In the past the basis of diagnosis has been a exclusion. Identification of a specific translocation especially t(11;22) (EWS-FLI 1 fusion gene), which is seen in nearly 85 percent of Ewing's sarcoma cases can help in precise diagnosis. We have carried out a study on twenty patient samples diagnosed to have Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumour (PNET)/small round cell malignant tumour. The study involved RT-PCR analysis for the fusion transcript, followed by sequencing to identify the specific type of fusion. Ninety percent (18/20) of the samples tested were found to be t(11;22) translocations involving EWS-FLI 1 genes. Sixty-one percent (11/18) were found to be type 1 fusion and seven were type 2 (39 percentage). This is the first study in India with quantitative information about the types of EWS-FLI 1 translocations present in Ewing's family of tumours in south Indian patients.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 , Female , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral/classification , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics , Sarcoma, Ewing/classification , Transcription Factors/genetics , Translocation, GeneticABSTRACT
Chyle fistulae are seen in less than twenty percent of cases following head and neck surgery. At the Cancer Institute, Madras, India, chyle leaks were seen in 19 patients between 1990 and 1999. The leak subsided spontaneously in sixteen patients on conservative management. The neck was re-explored in three patient. The thoracic duct was ligated in one and the wound packed in two. Conservative management in the form of aspirations and strapping is more likely to succeed when the volume of drainage is low or decresing over time and the surgical incision and skin flaps remain healthy. Rightsided leaks and late appearing fistulae are also likely to close on conservative management. Dietary modifications may help in this process. Re-exploration of the neck would be required when conservative management fails. Early exploration would be advised when the drainage is large or does not decrease over a few days or if there is a tendency to wound breakdown. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of lymphatic pathways from the thorax and abdomen, identification of the thoracic duct during surgery and detection and ligature of all lymphatic leaks intraoperatively using a trendelenburg position and valsalva maneuver will help reduce the occurrence of this problem.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery , Chyle , Fistula/etiology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery , Humans , Lymphatic Diseases/etiology , Neck Dissection/adverse effects , Thoracic Duct/surgeryABSTRACT
We report here a case of squamous cell carcinoma of Ascending colon occurring in a 58 year old male. Squamous cell carcinomas are known to occur in the Ano rectum frequently, but are extremely rare in colon especially the right colon.