effect of the loading on dynamic stability and scapular asymmetry

Background: Scapular stabilization and neuromuscular control provide an important parameter to characterize shoulder function during dynamic activities. Many studies have confirmed the effect of the loading on scapular position and scapulohumeral rhythm. Therefore, the evaluation of stabilizer muscles involvement in scapular asymmetry may assist in the development of clinical examination and rehabilitation program. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of loading on dynamic stability and scapular asymmetry in basketball players

Methods: Thirty healthy male basketball players aged between 20 to 31 years old were tested. The linear distance between scapular inferior angle and T7 spinous process was measured using a caliper in 90 degrees of unloaded scaption and with 1, 2 and 4 kg loading. The difference of distances of two sides in the above 4 positions was analyzed

Results: The amount of distances difference in two sides with 1 kg loading was minimal [9.36mm]. This difference increased to 10.19 mm and 12.22 mm, with increasing the loading to 2 and 4 kg respectively; although the 4 positions of the test did not show significant differences in distances difference [p>0.05]

Conclusion: This study shows that dynamic stability of the scapula is dependent on the role of muscles, so that with increasing load on the muscles, the scapular asymmetry is more pronounced

Reaction time and anticipatory skill of overhead athletes with and without Scapular Dyskinesia

Scapular dyskinesia is a change in position or movement of scapula, which is highly prevalent in athletes with overhead activities. In addition to biomechanical changes in shoulder complex, neurocognitive impairments can have a significant role in its creation. Thus, this study aimed to compare neurocognitive scores between athletes with and without scapular dyskinesia. In this study, 30 athletes with overhead activities participated. Caliper and SART [Speed Anticipation and Reaction Time] sets were used for assessing subjects' scapular dyskinesia, reaction time, and anticipation skill. Athletes with scapular dyskinesia had significantly a slower visual and auditory complex choice of reaction time, and a lower auditory choice of reaction time compared to athletes without scapular dyskinesia. No significant difference was seen between two groups in terms of visual choice of reaction time and anticipation skill. Thus, athletes with scapular dyskinesia had poorer performance in more complex neurocognitive tests compared to athletes without it

[Effects of whole-body vibration on blood profiles in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy]

Diabetes has world wide prevalence and it is estimated that up to ten years later, more than 300 million people would suffer from it. The disease has serious secondary complications. Physical activity can decrease the complications by altering the blood profiles. Patients with diabetes are unwilling to do physical exercise. Whole Body Vibration [WBV] might be a proper substitution for exercise. The effects of WBV on patients with diabetes have not been studied enough, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of WBV on the blood profiles in patients with diabetes type 2. Twenty patients with diabetes were assigned using matched assignment either into control [n=10] or intervention [n=10] group. Intervention group received the WBV with frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 2.5 mm for six weeks twice a week. The control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Blood profiles were measured in both groups at the baseline and the end of the study. FBS and HbA1C decreased in intervention group in comparison with the control group but the differences were not statistically significant [P=0.44]. There were not significant statistical differences in Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and TG before and after the treatment between the two groups. The application of WBV with the above parameters might reduce FBS and HbA1C in patients with diabetes type 2. Increase in the amount of Glucose Transporter protein 4 [GLUT-4] is one of the contributing factors that these changes can be ascribed to

[Latency and recruitment order of the shoulder muscles in dynamic complex movement in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome]

Shoulder muscle timing is very important, however, study on the shoulder muscle timing and recruitment patterns is limited. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine and compare the timing and recruitment order of the shoulder muscles in subjects with and without Shoulder Impingement Syndrome [SIS]. In this case-control study, 9 female subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome and 13 matched healthy female volunteer subjects selected by simple-non random sampling participated. Surface electromyography of serratus anterior, pectoralis major, upper trapezium, lower trapezium, posterior deltoid, and anterior deltoid muscles of dominant side were recorded during D1flex movement. Muscle latency time, relative muscle latency time and recruitment order were processed and compared in subjects with and without SIS. Non parametric test [2 independent samples [Mann-Whitney U]] was used for data analysis In patient group some muscles showed a greater latency time than healthy group but this increase wasn't statistically significant. Also, in patient group recruitment order of shoulder muscles was changed. Altered recruitment patterns of one or more muscles in the patient group as compared to healthy group indicate neuromuscular control has changed. Thus rehabilitation programs should be designed to restore and optimize the activation sequences and motor control of these muscles