ABSTRACT
Adequate supply of potable water is essential for the smooth and trouble-free human habitation, which has almost become a paradox. During the last decade, Pakistan in general and Karachi, the biggest city of the country in particular, has experienced acute water crises due to climatic impact and rapid industrial and urban developments. Due to inadequate water supply for domestic as well as industrial purposes, the groundwater has now become a popular water source in the Karachi region. Exploration for the evaluation and assessment of groundwater in the premises of the Karachi University was carried out in view to supplement the water shortage at the campus. Four to five groundwater horizons have been identified in different types of sandstones at different depths with varying quality trends. On the basis of encouraging results of the geological and geophysical investigations, a test borehole was drilled for the actual groundwater quality and quantity assessment at one of the explored sites. Groundwater samples, collected from different horizons, have chemically been investigated to evaluate in respect of their dissolved minerals/salts, which affect the water usefulness for domestic, industrial or agricultural purposes in general, and the selection of tube well materials and its designing for a longer working life in particular
ABSTRACT
The effect of epinephrine administration [1 mg/kg body weight] on trace elements and electrolytes levels of serum, liver, heart and kidney tissues was studied in rats. Epinephrine administration decreased sodium, potassium and calcium in heart, liver and kidney tissues. A significant elevation in copper and zinc levels of serum, heart and kidney tissues was observed in epinephrine injected rats. Iron content was significantly decreased in serum and kidney tissue whereas in liver tissue significant elevation was observed after epinephrine administration. The results suggested that epinephrine administration causes alterations in element concentration both in serum and tissues. The results may help towards an understanding of the relationship between elevated catecholamine levels in emotional stress condition and sudden death through a process of altered elements concentration