Atherosclerosis in relation to diabetes mellitus

To access the relationship of different categories of atherosclerotic lesions to diabetes mellitus and also in relation to age and sex. Prospective, Randomized and Comparative Study. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, KEMU and AIMC, Lahore from April 2006 to Dec. 2007. 130 autopsies were performed the age range was 8 to 85 years. The autopsies were done at random. Heart, aorta and its major branches were collected from dead bodies. The history of diabetes mellitus was taken from the close relatives of the deceased. The processing of cases was done in the Pathology Department of AIMC, Lahore. The slides were stained by haematoxline and eosin. Special stains also performed, The fatty streaks were present in predominant number of cases in aorta and its major branches except in the right coronary artery where they were seen less dominantly. The fibrolipid plaques, complicated and calcified lesions were present in a predominant number of cases in aorta and its major branches except the calcified lesions were present less dominantly in the thoracic aorta circumflex branch and renal arteries. The complicated lesions were not seen in the right coronary artery and calcified lesions were absent in the right coronary artery, innominate artery and superior mesenteric artery in diabetics. In the study it was concluded that there is definite relationship between diabetes mellitus and different categories of atherosclerotic lesions. The age and sex relationship of atheroscleroses is also well indicated in this study

Pattern of diabetic patients attending Mian Munshi [DHQ-I] Hospital, Bund Road, Lahore-Punjab

This study is aimed to examine the presenting features of diabetic admission in wards such data would be useful to determine the burden on health care system and planning of appropriate management strategy. This prospective, hospital based cross sectional study was carried out at Mian Munshi [DHQ-I] Hospital, Lahore for a period of 6 months from April 2005 to September 2005 324 patients of diabetes mellitus visiting OPD or admitted in Medical, Surgical and Gynaecology wards were studied. It was observed that major reasons for admission were infections [24.1%], neurological disease [19.1%], cardiac disease [16.7%] and diabetic foot disease [4.9%] Mean diabetes duration were observed as 7.36 + 6.06 years Before admission the patients were being treated with sulfonylureas [45.7%] biguanides [8.6%] combination of sulfonylureas and biguanides [18.5] insulin [24.5%] and diet therapy [1.9%] Two [0.6%] patients were not taking any treatment Among 324 diabetic patients 52[16.04%] died due to different reasons. Resource utilization could be more optimized if the avoidable admission of diabetes are reduced by education and effective preventive out door patient care in hospitals

Fever in young children up to 5 years of age standard case management measures.

In a child with acute respiratory infection, fever is not a specific sign of pneumonia and not an indication for antibiotic treatment. The fever, in a child of 1[st] two month of age indicates possible severe bacterial infection. Lab. Investigation and proper management is needed. Febrile children should be treated with proper management strictly according to the suggestion/recommendations of the NMP. i.e National Malaria Programme. The cause of fever, in the febrile children should be assessed with a great care. A reliable data from laboratory immunological studies and animal studies suggest the moderate rise in body temp; improve immune defense mechairism against infections, which may be desirable. In children with very high grade fever i.e. above 40 degree C or in severely ill children e.g. severely found. Rapid rise in body temperature, the febrile convulsions are also associated but these may generally resolve spontaneously and does not result in neurological complications. In the young children listlessness and anorexia are also associated with high fever. The paracetamol is a drug of choice and is highly effective in the treatment of fever; in the young children recommended dose is 10-15 mg/kg body wt. 6 hourly. Individual careful assessment is essential. Antipyretic treatment is Offered to the suffering child feeling discomfort with fever. According to the WHO recommendations, in the guideline for standard AR1-case management, the treatment with paracetamol in children 2 month up to 5 years of age be limited to those suffering with high grade fever i.e. 39 degree C [rectal] or above, supportive