On the identities of Neotropical Stegana species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). III. Four Costa Rican species described by J. R. Malloch

ABSTRACT The identities of the following four New World species of Stegana from Costa Rica, Stegana atrimana Malloch, 1924, Stegana nigrita Malloch, 1924, Stegana schildi Malloch, 1924, and Stegana tempifera Malloch, 1924, are clarified, and their redescriptions are provided. According to the original descriptions, the holotypes of the four species, deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), were males. However, upon dissection of their terminalia, we realized that all but one (S. tempifera) are females. Therefore, redescriptions of their external morphology (and/or terminalia) are mainly based on male paratypes, except for S. schildi, which is based on a male non-type specimen from Panama bearing Malloch's handwritten identification label. Photomicrographs of the habitus and terminalia, in addition to china ink drawings of the aedeagi and associated sclerites, are included.

On the identities of Neotropical Stegana species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). II. Stegana acutangula (Hendel) and Stegana triseta (Duda), with descriptions of three new closely related species

ABSTRACT Stegana (Orthostegana) acutangula (Hendel) from Bolivia and Stegana (Steganina) triseta (Duda) from Costa Rica are redescribed based on type specimens, and their identities clarified. A single syntype male of the first species (type species of the subgenus Orthostegana) is designated as a lectotype and one male out of the four Costa Rican syntypes (3 males, 1 female) of the latter species was selected as a lectotype of the Steganina subgenus. The other three (2 males, 1 female) specimens were designated as paralectotypes. All four males were dissected and their terminalia were photomicrographed. The two male Stegana triseta paralectotypes proved to belong to two unknown species closely related to Stegana acutangula, described here as Stegana dudai sp. nov. and Stegana turrialba sp. nov., and another male specimen, collected at Parque Nacional Yasuní, provinces of Napo/Orellana, Ecuador, is described as Stegana yasuni sp. nov. Additionally, we have included photomicrographs of the habitus of the type specimens as well as of some nontype specimens from Peru and Costa Rica. Based on the descriptions herein we not only clarified the status of these five species but also propose including all of them in the subgenus Orthostegana.

On the identities of Neotropical Stegana species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). I. Redescription of Stegana magnifica Hendel, 1913 and Stegana fumipennis (Enderlein, 1922)

Abstract Two conspicuous Steganinae species, Stegana (Steganina) magnifica Hendel, 1913 from Amazonian Peru and Stegana (Ceratostylus) fumipennis (Enderlein, 1922) from southern Brazil, are redescribed based on holotypes, and their identities are clarified. Both species are exclusive to the Neotropical Region and the first, with a body length of about 5.5 mm, is the largest species of Stegana described so far in this region, while the latter displays a peculiar antenna bearing an unusual, forward-projected, comma-shaped flagellomere 1. The photomicrographs of the habitus and terminalia of each specimen are also provided.

On the identities of Rhinoleucophenga pallida Hendel and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew) (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with description of a new sibling species from Brazil

Abstract Rhinoleucophenga pallidaHendel, 1917 (type species of the genus) is redescribed based on its female holotype and a male from a nearby locality, and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew, 1872) on its two syntypes, which are designated as the male lectotype and a female paralectotype. Both are valid species. A proposal is made to establish the genus Pseudophortica Sturtevant, 1918 (type species R. obesa), a junior synonym of Rhinoleucophenga, to subgenus rank and include all species of Rhinoleucophenga described or redescribed from males except R. pallida, which is unique in having a remarkable pedunculate surstylus, among other differences. The North American R. obesa is compared to its closest sibling, the South American species Rhinoleucophenga gigantea (Thomson, 1869). The occurrence of R. obesa in Brazil is also questioned, as suggested long ago by Marshall R. Wheeler. The specimens from Brazil previously identified as such most probably belong to the new species described in the present paper as Rhinoleucophenga (Pseudophortica) cantareira sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Estadual da Cantareira, City of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil). Numerous photomicrographs of their habitus and male terminalia taken with a Smartphone's rear camera and digitally stacked to create images with greater depth of focus are provided.