Prevalence and associated factors of insomnia syndrome in the elderly residing in Kahrizak nursing home, Tehran, Iran

As insomnia is common, especially among the elderly in the nursing homes, we aimed to estimate insomnia prevalence among the elderly residing in nursing homes as well as to determine factors associated with insomnia in the elderly. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009 on 112 elderly residents at Kahrizak Nursing Home, Tehran Iran. The information was gathered through 5-part questionnaires by interviewing either the individuals or the nurses in charge and also reviewing the subjects' medical files. Eventually, the necessary data were analyzed using oneway AN OVA and Chi-square tests. The mean age of the participants was 76.8 +/- 8.05 years [range, 65 to 107 years]. Based on the results, 303 [39.2%] of the elderly, including 86 [34.7%] men and 217 [41.1%] women, had insomnia syndrome. 433 [56.1%] participants complained of difficulty initiating sleep, 357 [46.2%] of disrupted sleep, 362 [46.9%] of early morning awakening, and 313 [40.5%] of non-restorative sleep. Our findings also showed that age [P= .004], number of diseases [P = .019], motility status [P = .017], sleep environment satisfaction [P < .001], cognitive status [P = .023], and functional autonomy [P= .003] were significantly associated with insomnia. Insomnia is a prevalent disorder amongst the nursing home elderly population, especially elderly women, and several pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical factors may trigger its occurrence. However, to prevent this problem, further studies are required in Iran and Middle Eastern region to establish a reliable understanding about insomnia patterns, causes, and cures

Morphological and morphometrical description of trichostrongylus species isolated from domestic ruminants in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran

Genus Trichostrongylus [Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae] is one of the most important zoonotic nematodes with wide geographic distribution in the world. The purpose of the present study was to describe morphological and morphometrical characteristics of male Trichostrongylus species, currently prevalent in domestic ruminants of Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Gastro-inetstinal organs of 1600 sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalos, slaughtered in Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran, were examined for infectivity with Trichostrongylus species. For examination and measurements of helminthes, Azo-carmine staining was performed, followed by camera lucida drawings of morphological characters and measurements of morphometrical criteria with a calibrated microscope. Using valid nematodes systematic keys, almost all the parasites were identified at the level of species. Overall, 114 animals were found infected with at least one species of Trichostrongylus. Considering morphlogifcal characteristics of male Trichostrongylus, six species were identified including T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, T. probolorus, T. capricola, T. longispicularis and Trichostrongylus sp.. Although, compared to the previous decades, currently Trichostrongylus is much less prevalent in the domestic ruminants of the study area, but still different species occur in these animals

Association between magnetic resonance imaging, temporo-mandibular joint scanographic findings and clinical manifestations of joint pain and sounds in temporo-mandibular disorders

Exploring the association between magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], temporomandibular joint [TMJ] scanography and clinical manifestations of joint pain and sounds in patients with temporomandibular [TM] disorder. This study included 62 TM joints with internal derangement. Sagittal scanography and MRI of these TMJs were obtained and reported blindly by the consensus of two radiologists. No significant association was observed between clinical and scanographic findings with MRI. The abnormal range of motion had significant relationship with pain [P=0.017] and sound [P=0.046]. There was a strong association between sound and condylar flattening [P=0.007]. It was demonstrated that joint pain and sounds were predictors of the abnormal range of motion in TMJ scanography. Sound could be heard more often in patients with condylar flattening, and TMJ scanographic findings as well as joint pain and sounds had limited value in the diagnosis of disk position or effusion

[Effect of trained female relative on active phase length during labor among low risk pregnancies]

One of the most serious and stressful event in womens life is laber. They need comprehensive support to enable them to encounter with the stress of labor. Prolonged labor is associated with maternal and neonatal complications, prenatal morbidity and increase cesarean danger. To study the effect of trained female relative on active phase length during labor among low risk Pregnancies in Astara Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2009. This randomized control trial study was carried out on 90 low risk pregnant women. They were randomly divided to two 45 members groups. Both the case and control groups had socio- demographic characteristics. The case group got a support from trained relative during labor until 2 hours after delivery and control group received routine care. Data was collected by using restructured questionnaire which included length of labor, use of Oxytocin and type of delivery. Data was analyzed by x[2] and T test in SPSS [11.5]. Finding showed there is no statistically significant difference between demographic characteristics: [mean of age was 24.3- 24.6 years old, mean of number of Pregnancy was 1.6, mean of number of delivery was 1, mean of term of Pregnancy was 273.7- 273.9 days, mean of cervix spasm was 3.44-3.7 cm, length of second stage] and kind of delivery in two groups [p<0.663]. The mean duration of active phase in case group was 143.5 minute versus 253.5 minute in control group [p<0.001].The 24.5% of case and 55.5% of control groups used oxytocin [p=0.046]. Labor support by a minimally trained female friend or relative who selected by the mother can be reduce the mean duration of active phase of labor

Neonatal mortality risk factors in a rural part of Iran: a nested case-control study

Due to complex causal framework of neonatal mortality, improvement of this health indicator is quite gradual and it's decreasing trend is not as great as other health indicators such as infant and under 5 mortality rates.This study was conducted to evaluate neonatal mortality risk factors based on nested case-control design. The study population was 6900 neonates who were born in rural areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province [South of Iran]. They were under follow up till the end of neonatal period and the outcome of interest was neonatal death. By using risk set sampling method, 97 cases and 97 controls were selected in study cohort. Prematurity [OR = 5.57], LBW [OR= 7.68], C-section [OR = 7.27], birth rank more than 3 [OR = 6.95] and birth spacing less than 24 months [OR = 4.65] showed significant statistical association [P < 0.05] with neonatal mortality. The Population Attributable Fraction [PAF] was 0.45 for LBW, 0.40 for prematurity, 0.28 for C-section, 0.30 for birth rank more than 3, and 0.16 for birth spacing less than 24 months. Prematurity, low birth weight, C-section, birth spacing less than 24 months and birth rank more than 3 are important risk factors for neonatal mortality

Socioeconomic status and obesity relationship in non-menopause women aged 15-49 years in Tehran, Iran

To investigate the association between socio-economic status and obesity in non-menopause women aged 15-49 years in Tehran, Iran. This study was based on Iran National Health Survey conducted in 1999. Obesity is defined as a Body Mass Index over >/= 30. Constructed area [per-person], educational level and job are considered as factors indicating the socioeconomic status. The results have been adjusted for age and mental health using univariate and multiple logistic regression. A total number of 2859 non-menopause women aged 15-49 yr from urban areas of Tehran have been studied. The prevalence of obesity and overweight were 16.4%and 28.4% respectively. Women aged 30-49 yr had greater risk of obesity [adjusted OR=2.53, 95% CI: 1.99-3.20]. Comparing with students, homemakers and employees were at higher risk of obesity [adjusted OR=4.33, 95% CI: 2.47-7.76, adjusted OR= 2.82, 95%CI: 1.41-5.63 respectively]. Those with >=12 years of education had lower risk of obesity compared to illiterate women [adjusted OR=.57, 95% CI: 0.38-0.86]. The role of social factors is dominant over economic factor on obesity. This fact should be considered as one of the most important research priorities in future researches

[Association between serum leptin and adiponectin and bone mineral density in 40-60-year-Old postmenopausal women]

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease, which leads to a decrease in bone mass and disorders in its structure. Leptin and adiponectin are hormones secreted from the adipose tissue. The objective of this study was to determine association between serum leptin and adiponectin and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women 40-60 years old. This cross-sectional study included was 85 postmenopausal women, 40-60 years old. Samples of fasting blood were taken from the women in order to determine the serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin, and bone mass density [BMD] was measured by the DXA method in two areas, i.e., L2-4 and the femoral neck. 4.5 kg/m2, respectively. There was a significant inverse relationship between +/- 5.4 years and +/- 29.4. The means +/- SD of age and body mass index [BMI] of the subjects were 52.4 the serum leptin level and BMD in the L2-4 area [p=0.02]. The data also showed a negative association between the serum adiponectin level on the one hand, and the BMD of the femur [p=0.03] and the bone mineral content [BMC] of the vertebral column [p=0.03] on the other. Leptin and adiponectin have inverse associations with the bone mineral density

[Comparison of the effects of drying processes: vacuum oven, freeze, solar and microwave with traditional method on the qualitative characteristics of the Iranian saffron]

Saffron, the world's most expensive condiment, is one of Iran's most important non-petroleum exports. The drying method is determinant of saffron quality and price in the world market. So, the aim of this study was the comparison of the effects of saffron dehydration methods, like vacuum oven, freeze, microwave and solar drying with traditional method. During this experimental study and for production of saffron flowers, one of the farms in Gonabad was selected randomly and the flowers were picked and mixed thoroughly, together. The morphological specifications, percentage of yield of the stigmas, chemical test [moisture, ash, total nitrogen and, acid insoluble ash] were determined. Stigmas were dried. After dehydration the moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extract, total nitrogen, crude fiber, crocin, picrocrocin, saffranal and sensory specifications [color, texture and odor] were determined. The results of chemical analysis indicated that the solar dried, vacuum oven dried and microwave dried samples had preferable color [crocine] outcomes. However, from aromatic point of view [saffranal] traditional sample had significant preference [P<0.05]. The amount of the picrocrocin [taste compounds] in samples did not have significant differences within each other. The results of sensory analysis indicated that, color of dried samples by solar, freeze and microwave methods, soluble color of dried samples by solar, freeze and vacuum oven had significant differences [P<0.05] that other methods. The results of the microbiological test of all dried samples were in Iranian standard levels except the traditional and freeze dried samples. Although the samples of four methods of drying were of high quality compared to the traditional samples, the solar drying method can be reasonably applied in rural area as suggested method of drying

[Effect of sugars and carbonated drinks consumption on anthropoinetric indices and dental health]

Carbohydrates are the main source of human diet. More than 60% of total needed energy is obtained from them. Many studies have shown that obesity and dental caries increase with high consumption of sugars and carbonated drinks. Some studies showed that this kind of diet has not any role on obesity and dental caries. The aim of this study was to assess the role of sugars and soft drinks on the anthropometric and dental health indices. By a descriptive cross-sectional study in year 1383, a total of 788 healthy 7-years old primary school children were selected via a cluster sampling in Tehran. Their general information was asked from their mothers. 24-hour frequency consumption of sugars including beverge was asked by the trained interviewers via a standard questionnaire. Then anthropometric measurements were also taken for each child. Dental health indices were measured by two trained dental hygienist. The Chi-square and Spearman tests were used for detection of statistical associations. Spearman statistical test did not show any significant relationship between dmft and consumption of sugars and soft drinks. Also consumption of sugars in children who had a problem with height for age and weight for height was higher but they did not show statistical difference. Also consumption of sugars in children who had problem with weight for age was significantly higher [P=0.002]. Consumption of sugar in low weight children was higher and there was not any significant relationship between sugar consumption and dmft

[Evaluation of morphologic changes of mandibular symphysis after chin cup therapy in skeletally C1 III patients]

Chin cup is a orthopedic appliance for treating growing skeletally C1 III patients. The amount of chin forward movement in addition to morphologic changes in bony structure. Determines the final profile of treated patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of morphologic changes of symphysis after chin cup therapy in skeletally C1 III patients. In this clinical trial, twenty eight cephalometries before and after chin cup therapy of 14 skeletally C1 III patients were analyzed. Landmarks introduced by Ricketts were determined to evaluate the symphysis individually were evaluated and analyzed. Data were analyzed by paired t and pearson tests with P<0.05 as the level of significance. The results showed that the height of symphysis increased after treatment [P=0.02], but its depth decreased [P=0.04]. The sysmphysis turned down and back. These findings suggest that in C1 III malocclusions with a prognathic mandible, chin cup therapy creates changes in the horizontal dimention of symphysis morphology, which improves the C1 III profile. If the patient isn't a vertical grower, vertical changes of symphysis would be desired. In addition, changes in the vertical dimension of the mandible [body and ramus] could be observed as a backward and downward rotation

Assessment of satisfaction about future job satisfaction among medical students

Assessment of satisfaction about future job satisfaction among medical students Shahmohammadi F1, Moosavi F2, Golestan B3 1 Assistant professor, Gynecologist Obstetrician, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran. 2 Assistant professor, Specialist of Community Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran. 3 Assistant professor, Biostatistician, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. This research aimed at studying the factors affecting medical students' satisfaction with their future job. In a descriptive, cross-sectional research, 250 medical interns [94 males and 156 females] at the Islamic Azad University in Tehran were studied using an attitude questionnaire with demographic features. They included all medical interns studying medicine in the academic year 1384-1385 [2005-2006] in Qods clinic and Amir Al-Momenin [A], Javadiyeh, Bou-Ali, Javaheri, Torfeh, Kashani, Lavasani, and Naft hospitals. The obtained data were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and ANOVA. The results of the study showed that mothers' educational level was the only variable having a significant statistical relationship with the students job satisfaction score [p > 0.01]. However, no significant correlation was found between students job satisfaction and factors like sex, marital status, the presence of a physician in the family, fathers' educational level, and willingness to practice medicine after graduation. Dissatisfaction with their economic status, the future of medical practice, working hours, and obligatory services in deprived areas are among the factors which diminish medical students' motivation to practice medicine in the future

[Assessment of relationship between serum leptin and adiponectin and bone mass with energy intake and nutrients in postmenopause women of 40-60 years old]

Adequate nutrition is crucial for growth and maintenance of the body skeleton health. Nutrients consumed affect leptin and adiponectin levels and bone mass. This study was done to determine the relationship between serum leptin, adiponectin and bone mass with energy intake and nutrients in postmenopausal women, 40-60 years old. The present cross-sectional study was done on 85 postmenopausal women, aged 40-60 years. Samples of fasting blood were taken to determine concentrations of leptin and adiponectin of serum and bone mineral density was measured by the DXA method in the two areas of L2-4 and the femoral neck. Food intake was documented using questionnaires including frequency of food and was analyzed by FP2 Software. Leptin had a negative relationship with energy intake, protein and magnesium and a positive relationship with carbohydrate; there was a positive relationship between adiponectin and energy and carbohydrate. BMD of femur had a negative relationship with energy and carbohydrate, while it had positive relationship with calcium, and there was direct and significant relationship between BMD of the spine and zinc. Increase in consumption of carbohydrate and decrease in consumption of protein lead to increase in leptin. Consumption of calcium and zinc can have a protective effect on bones

Micronutrients Fe, Zn and Ca and their relationship with anthropometric indices and dental health among children

Proper nutrition has an important role in the physical and psychological development of children. The aim of this survey is to compare the nutrition of a community to the recommended daily amount [RDA] to determine deficiencies and present recommendations for improvement. In this cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, Iran, 788 children, all seven years of age, were selected via cluster sampling and evaluated using standard questionnaires with a 24-hr recall regarding the frequency and type of food intake. Then by measurement of weight and height, their anthropometric and DMFT [decayed/missing/filled teeth] indices were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, and Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests. Relative to the RDA, 23.6% of children had low intake of Ca, and 3.2% and 5.2% were deficient for Fe and Zn, respectively. Anthropometric measurements showed that 15.7% were malnourished based on weight for age, 10.5% based on height for age and 16.8% based on weight for height indices. The DMFT indices for children with dietary Ca levels under 75% of the RDA were significantly higher than those with sufficient Ca intake [P < 0.001]. The mean DMFT indices for dental development were 0.22 for permanent teeth [four molars; SD = 0.64] and 4.64 for primary teeth [SD = 3.24]. We found a significant correlation between DMFT indices and low Fe intake: the DMFT indices of children with iron deficiency were much higher than those with sufficient iron intake. Children in Tehran do not receive enough Ca Fe and Zn from their diets. This problem causes mild malnutrition and increases the risk of dental caries

Comparison of the effects of vacuum oven-, freeze-, solar-, and microwave- drying with traditional drying methods on the qualitative characteristics of ghaen saffron

Saffron, the world's most expensive condiment, is one of Iran's most important non-petroleum exports. Its annual production in the country is about 220-228 tons and its export value over 59-70 million USD [the price is 454-482 USD/kilogram]. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different dehydration methods, including vacuum oven-, freeze-, microwave- and solar0drying methods with the traditional drying method on the characteristics of saffron and determine the most suitable method. The study was conducted in the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran between 2001 and 2002. The methodology was experimental. A farm in the safflower-growing region of Ghaen was selected randomly, and the flowers were picked and mixed thoroughly. The percentage yield of the stigmas, and the morphological and chemical [moisture, ash, total nitrogen and acid-insoluble ash] characteristics were determined. Stigmas were dried, followed by determinations of the moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, cold water-soluble extract, total nitrogen, crude fiber, crocin, picrocrocin, and saffranal. The total microbial, choliform, yeast, mold, and Esherishia coli counts were also measured in the dried samples. The results indicated that from the color [crocin] point of view the solar-, vacuum oven-, and microwave-dried samples were the best [p<0.05]. As regards the contents of saffranal and picrocrocin, responsible for aroma and taste, respectively, there were no significant differences among the dried samples. The results of the microbial tests on the dried samples indicated that all the samples except those dried using the traditional or the freeze-drying method, the counts conformed with the Iranian standards. Although all of the four non-traditional methods of drying were better than the traditional method, we recommend sun-drying as a suitable method in the rural areas where saffron is produced

[Evaluation of the effects of high-risk pregnancy on neonatal mortality in a rural area of Iran: a nested case-control study]

A pregnancy can be considered high-risk if there are conditions that put the mother or the baby at higher-than-average risk of morbidity or mortality. Neonatal mortality rate is one of the most important indices of children's health status. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high-risk states on neonatal mortality. We performed a nested identified case-control study in the rural areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province. Within the study cohort, 97 cases and 97 controls were selected by a risk-set sampling method. Data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression models. Neonatal mortality was shown to increase significantly in high-risk pregnancies. There were no substantial differences between crude odds ratios and those adjusted for the presence of other risk factors [crude odds ratio decreased from 5.5 to an adjusted figure of 3.25 for pregnancies with one risk factor and from 5.21 to adjusted level of 4.80 for pregnancies with more than one risk factor]. High-risk pregnancies need great attention in family health and prenatal care programs, especially in remote rural areas. Within our rural health network there are potential cohorts for use in nested case-control studies, especially in the evaluation of neonatal mortality risk factors

Eternal Weibull regression analysis for evaluation of the effects of different covariates on retinal redetachment following retinal detachment surgery

To evaluate the effect of age, sex, type of surgery, extent of retinal detachment [RD] vitreous incarceration in wound, and myopic degeneration on the rate of retinal redetachment following RD surgery using eternal Weibull regression analysis. We performed a survival analysis on a multi-center randomized controlled trial conducted on patients with pseudophakic or aphakic RD to compare the anatomic outcome of scleral buckling vs primary vitrectomy alone. Patients were examined one week and then 1, 2, 4 and 6 months after the operations. We applied modification to the survival, density and hazard function and considered the two-parameter Weibull distribution for survival times. Herein we evaluated the appropriateness of the modified model vs unmodified model with and without the effects of covariates. The mean survival time for the unmodified model was 2920 days confirming the eternal nature of the survivor function whereas the mean survival time for the modified model was 43.06 days. In the absence of covariates, the eternal proportion in the modified model was estimated to be 0.73. Taking the effects of covariates into account, the modified model revealed that the risk of redetachment is 76% higher among males than females and is almost 4 times greater in eyes with myopic degeneration, while this risk was 2.6 times for males and 2.7 times for those with myopia in the unmodified model. Moreover, vitreous incarceration in the wound played a significant role in the unmodified model whereas it had been set aside in the modified model. Comparing the two final models showed the superiority of modified model: -2 log L[m]- [-2 log L[um]] = 46.274 [P<0.001]. This study strongly suggests the benefit of using the modified over the unmodified model of eternal Weibull regression analysis in situations such as the present study in which some cases will have the event of interest whereas others will never have the event, given enough time

SSU-rRNA gene analysis of cryptosporidium spp. in HIV positive and negative patients

Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasite of humans and a wild range of domestic as well as wild animals. An 833-bp fragment of the 18S-rRNA gene was used to identify Cryptosporidium spp. recovered from children and adult patients, in human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] positive and negative patients in Iran. Initial identification of cryptosporidiosis was carried out by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining method of stool samples. The samples, then, were identified specifically by nested PCR, targeting the most polymorphic region of the 18S-rRNA gene. The genotype encountered was detected by re-striction endonuclease digestion of the nested-PCR product. Among 17 analyzed isolates, two different genotypes of Cryptosporidium were identified; 24% of the isolates belonged to C. parvum human genotype, and 76% to the potentially zoonotic species of C. parvum bovine genotype. The results of the present study showed that in contrast to HIV negative individuals, HIV positive individuals were more likely to be infected with zoonotic genotypes of the parasite; it was also confirmed the fact that zoonotic transmission of the parasite in Iran was as frequent as the transmission of anthroponotic origin. These outcomes are helpful for researchers to establish the corresponding prevention and treatment measures

[Evaluation of canal curvature preservation in molar teeth prepared at endodontic department of dental school, during a five years period [2000-2004]]

Preserving canal curvature during different phases of canal preparation is an important point. In Endodontic therapy all efforts are made to prepare canal in a way that final canal follows the primary canal curvature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of root canal preparation performed by students at Endodontic Department of Dental School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. In this retrospective study, classic method of step- back technique was investigated for preserving canal curvature in mesial roots of first mandibular molars and mesiobuccal roots of first maxillary molars between years 2000 and 2004. A randomly selected sample of 400 dental patient records was investigated by 4 observers [Endodontic department professors], searching for procedural errors. A clear explanation sheet of curvature preservation and procedural errors such as ledge formation, apical foramen transportation, zipping and stripping and a questionnaire were prepared for observers. The observers went through reliability test and kappa value for agreement between every two observers. The results were above 0.8. Data were analyzed by EPI6 statistical computer program, using Chi-Square and Fisher exact test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. This study consisted of 152 first maxillary molars and 248 first mandibular molars. The prevalence of curvature preservation in mesial root of first mandibular molars and mesiobuccal root of first maxillary molars were 38.5% and 47.6% respectively. Procedural errors detected consisted of 33% ledge formation, 26.1% apical foramen transportation, 1.8% zipping and 4.1% stripping for mesial root of the first mandibular molars. The results for the first maxillary molars were 27%, 19%, 3.2% and 3.2% respectively. The study results revealed the efficacy of endodontic education and the proficiency of junior and senior students in preparing curved posterior root canals. The results obtained in this retrospective study are comparable to prospective studies

[Effect of tranexamic acid on early postvitrectomy hemorrhage in diabetics]

Purpose: to evaluate the effect of tranexamic acid on early postvitrectomy hemorrhage in diabetic patients

Methods: in a randomized double masked clinical trial, 62 diabetic patients scheduled for vitrectomy were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group [32 eyes] received two doses of tranexamic acid [10 mg/kg] shortly before and after the operation, intravenously and then orally for 4 days [20 mg/kg/8h]. Doses were adjusted according to serum creatinine level. The control group [30 eyes] received no medication. Both media clarity and visual acuity were compared during four weeks of follow up

Results: four weeks after treatment, visual acuity was low [/=20/200] in 64.3% of the treatment group. Corresponding figures in the control group were 26.1%, 26.1%, and 47.8%, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. The ratio of mild to severe vitreous hemorrhage during the first four days and after four weeks was 79% to 21% and 82% to 18% in the treatment group and 76.7% to 23.3% and 78.3% to 21.7% in the control group respectively, which showed no significant difference. No important side effect of the drug was observed in this study. The only notable finding was a positive correlation between fresh preoperative vitreous hemorrhage and postoperative bleeding

Conclusions: tranexamic acid, with the dosage and method of administration in this study, has no effect on reducing early postvitrectomy hemorrhage in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy