ABSTRACT
Long term and vigorous exercises may lead to a deficiency of the body immune system components. Consuming caffeine supplementation before the exercise can affect the body immune response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term caffeine supplementation on the defense system and the innate immune index responses in male athletes after an exhaustive aerobic exercise. 24 male endurance athletes were randomly divided into supplement and placebo groups. Exercise testing was an exhaustive treadmill test [Bruce test]. One hour before the main test, the supplement group [SUPP] consumed caffeine [6 Mg/BW] and the placebo group [PLA] received Cellulose during testing. Blood samples were collected from anticubital vein before and immediately after exercise testing. After serum collection; Cortisol and eHsp72 concentrations and leukocyte count were determined using ELISA and H1 method respectively. After conformation of normal distribution of variables by kolmogrov-smirnov test, SPANOVA and Independent t test were performed and p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Independent t test results showed that the mean changes of serum cortisol and HSP72 indexes were increased significantly in SUPP and PLA group [P<0.05] after exhaustive aerobic exercise; but there was no significant change in the leukocytes count. Also, SPANOVA test showed that caffeine supplementation has significantly changed Hsp72 and serum cortisol levels in male athletes [P<0.05] while it has no significant effect on serum leukocytes [P>0.05]. findings show that consuming caffeine supplementation prior to short-term exhaustive aerobic exercise possibly has positive effect on the innate immune system and the body's defensive apparatus
ABSTRACT
Emergency contraception is a method which used after unprotected intercourse and declines the rate of unintended pregnancy. In spite of efficacy and safety of this method, its rate of use is low. Major obstacle of regular use of this method is insufficient information of the health care providers, which in turn, causes low prescription of this method and consequently insatiable practice. This research is a correlative study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of practitioners and midwives working in health centers of the main cities of Mazandaran province about contraception. In this research 150 research units were selected using a multiple sampling method A questionnaire was used for data, collection, completed by experienced persons who at health centers. To analyze the data descriptive statistics and Chi2, T-test, regression analysis and correlation were used. The results showed that the level of knowledge of subjects were: 35/5% good, 38% medium and 26% poor. Negative correlation was seen between knowledge and age and job background but no correlation between knowledge and other factors. Also most of the subject had a positive attitude toward emergency contraception [60.7%] and 39.3% of them had a negative attitude about this method. 54.4% of subject' had a good practice and 45.6% had a bad practice. Practice showed a statistical correlation with gender and job however there was no was correlation between practice and other factors. Data indicated the necessity of regular retraining courses or workshops on family planning specially about emergency contraception to increase knowledge of research units about this method