ABSTRACT
Global health is evolving as a discipline aiming at exploring needs and offering equitable health services for all people. Over the past four decades, several global initiatives have been introduced to improve the accessibility of primary health care (PHC) and solve most health issues at this level. Historically, the 1978 Alma-Ata and 2018 Astana Declarations were perhaps the most important documents for a comprehensive approach to PHC services across the world. With the introduction of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, developments in all spheres of human life and multi-sectoral cooperation became the essential action targets that could contribute to improved health, well-being, and safety of all people. Other global initiatives such as the Riyadh Declaration on Digital Health and São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health called to urgent action to employ advanced digital technologies, improve health data processing, and invest more in research management. All these initiatives are put to the test in the face of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and other unprecedented threats to humanity.
ABSTRACT
Disparities between African American and Caucasian men in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and treatment in the United States have been well established, with significant racial disparities documented at all stages of PCa management, from differences in the type of treatment offered to progression-free survival or death. These disparities appear to be complex in nature, involving biological determinants as well as socioeconomic and cultural aspects. We present a review of the literature on racial disparities in the diagnosis of PCa, treatment, survival, and genetic susceptibility. Significant differences were found among African Americans and whites in the incidence and mortality rates; namely, African Americans are diagnosed with PCa at younger ages than whites and usually with more advanced stages of the disease, and also undergo prostate-specific antigen testing less frequently. However, the determinants of the high rate of incidence and aggressiveness of PCa in African Americans remain unresolved. This pattern can be attributed to socioeconomic status, detection occurring at advanced stages of the disease, biological aggressiveness, family history, and differences in genetic susceptibility. Another risk factor for PCa is obesity. We found many discrepancies regarding treatment, including a tendency for more African American patients to be in watchful waiting than whites. Many factors are responsible for the higher incidence and mortality rates in African Americans. Better screening, improved access to health insurance and clinics, and more homogeneous forms of treatment will contribute to the reduction of disparities between African Americans and white men in PCa incidence and mortality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Black or African American , Diagnosis , Disease-Free Survival , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Healthcare Disparities , Incidence , Insurance, Health , Mass Screening , Mortality , Obesity , Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis , Prostate , Prostate-Specific Antigen , Prostatic Neoplasms , Risk Factors , Social Class , United States , Watchful WaitingABSTRACT
Disparities between African American and Caucasian men in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and treatment in the United States have been well established, with significant racial disparities documented at all stages of PCa management, from differences in the type of treatment offered to progression-free survival or death. These disparities appear to be complex in nature, involving biological determinants as well as socioeconomic and cultural aspects. We present a review of the literature on racial disparities in the diagnosis of PCa, treatment, survival, and genetic susceptibility. Significant differences were found among African Americans and whites in the incidence and mortality rates; namely, African Americans are diagnosed with PCa at younger ages than whites and usually with more advanced stages of the disease, and also undergo prostate-specific antigen testing less frequently. However, the determinants of the high rate of incidence and aggressiveness of PCa in African Americans remain unresolved. This pattern can be attributed to socioeconomic status, detection occurring at advanced stages of the disease, biological aggressiveness, family history, and differences in genetic susceptibility. Another risk factor for PCa is obesity. We found many discrepancies regarding treatment, including a tendency for more African American patients to be in watchful waiting than whites. Many factors are responsible for the higher incidence and mortality rates in African Americans. Better screening, improved access to health insurance and clinics, and more homogeneous forms of treatment will contribute to the reduction of disparities between African Americans and white men in PCa incidence and mortality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Black or African American , Diagnosis , Disease-Free Survival , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Healthcare Disparities , Incidence , Insurance, Health , Mass Screening , Mortality , Obesity , Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis , Prostate , Prostate-Specific Antigen , Prostatic Neoplasms , Risk Factors , Social Class , United States , Watchful WaitingABSTRACT
Surface aeration experiments were conducted in two types of rectangular tanks of aspect ratios i.e., length to width ratio [L/W] of 1.5 and 2 and developed simulation equations to correlate the oxygen transfer coefficient, k and power number, P0 with a parameter governing theoretical power per unit volume X. The parameter X is defined as equal to F4/3R1/3, where F and R are impellers' Froude and Reynolds numbers respectively]. Results have shown that the P0 can not be simulated singularly with either Reynolds number, R or Froude number, F, which results in scale-effects; there appears to be a need to incorporate the effects of both F and R. It was found that P0 is uniquely related to X for rectangular aeration tanks of both aspect ratios, however, such relationships are different depending upon the aspect ratios. It has been demonstrated that energy can be saved substantially if the aeration tanks are run at relatively higher input powers. It is also demonstrated that smaller sized tanks are more energy conservative and economical when compared to big sized tanks, while aerating the same volume of water, and at the same time by maintaining a constant input power in all the tanks irrespective of their size
Subject(s)
Water , Conservation of Energy ResourcesABSTRACT
Aqueous, chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves of Vitex negundo were tested against various bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2079, Staphylococcus epidermidis NCIM 2493, Staphylococcus albus NCIM 2/78. Baciffus subtilis NCIM 2063, Escherichia coli NCIM 2065. Klebsiella aerogens NCIM-1098, Proteus vulgaris NCIM 2027 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2036. Positive antibacterial activities were observed with methanolic and chloroform extracts against all bacteria, no inhibitory activities of aqueous extract was noticed