[Risk factors in ectopic pregnancy: a case - control study]

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increasing due to artificial reproductive technology and increasing rate of sexual transmitted diseases. Ectopic pregnancy is the most common cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester and it reduces the chance of future successful pregnancy. Identifying the risk factors can help to reduce the maternal mortality and morbidity due to early diagnosis and on time treatment. This study was carried out to assess the risk factors in ectopic pregnancy in northern, Iran. This case control study was carreid out on 150 patients with ectopic pregnancy as cases and 300 women with normal pregnancy as controls. The subjects were selected from teaching hospital in Babol in northern Iran, during 2005-09. The risk factors include history of tubal surgery, ectopic pregnancy, cesarean section, pregnancy with IUD, infertility, assisted fertility with IUI, multiple partener, pre-eighteen years marriages were recorded for each subject by direct interview and file. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and Chi-Square and exat Fisher tests. Theraputic assisted fertility with IUI [95% CI: 3.02-185.09, OR: 23.6, P<0.05], previous ectopic pregnancy [95% CI: 1.90-73.94, OR: 8.19, P<0.05] and cesarean section history [95% CI: 1.1-2.6, OR: 1.7, P<0.05] increased the possibility of ectopic pregnancy. There was not significant differnces between pre- eighteen years marriages, infertility history and multiple partener in cases compared to controls. This study showed that assisted fertility with IUI, previous tubal surgery, pregnancy with IUD, previous ectopic pregnancy and cesarean section are the main risk factors of ectopic pregnancy in northern, Iran

[Assessment of the efficacy of BIB forte in disinfection of dental instruments]

Microbial contamination of dental unit surfaces and materials are of considerable importance since patients and dental staff is regularly exposed to aerosols generated from the dental unit and contaminated surfaces. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BIB forte in disinfection of dental instruments. In this study we assessed the composition of aerobe and facultative anaerobe bacterial micro flora before and after administration of BIB forte. In this experimental study, 30 microbial samples were obtained from dental instruments before administration of BIB forte and were subjected to microbiological evaluations. The samples were cultured on the specific media and number of the bacterial colonies was counted after keeping at 37 degree centigrade for 24 hours. The effect of BIB forte was also investigated on standard lab species and the number of formed colonies was counted. Data were analyzed by SPSS; Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were used. 93% of all species samples were positive regarding presence of bacteria. Microorganisms isolated were mainly composed of: staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, corynebacterium, Neisseria and Bacillus species. BIB forte significantly reduced the microbial contamination after applied on dental surfaces and prevented the growth of standard microorganisms' in-vitro. BIB forte is effective in reducing the bacterial load to an acceptable level and its usage is recommended as an ideal disinfectant in routine dental practice

[Knowledge and attitudes of dentists about chemical disinfectants in Metropolitan Tehran in 2006]

Choosing appropriate disinfectants has become confusing for many dental professionals because of exaggerated manufacturer claims and misleading assays reported in the literature. Dentists should be aware of guidelines that assist in the selection of appropriate chemicals. To evaluate the level of knowledge and attitude of General Dental Practitioners [GDP] who work in private clinics in the Great Tehran in 2006 about chemical disinfectants. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. 446 GDPs [317 [71.1%] male, 129 [28.9%] female] were selected by a random cluster sampling method and evaluated by using a questionnaire consisting of 20 knowledge and 14 attitude questions content validity was confirmed by 4 specialists in oral medicine and 6 general practitioners. Spearman-Brown's reliability for the questionnaire was 0.66. Chi-square test and SPSS-9 software were used for statistical analysis. The mean correct answers were 8.6 +/- 3.0 [95% Cl: 8.3 to 8.9, ranged from 2 to 17] of maximum 20. Using multilinear regression formula showed that only age had negative relation with correct answers. The most difficult question was concerned with provision of and of particulars. Knowledge level of GDPs about chemical Disinfection was low. It seems that traditional educational methods should be changed to new methods [Reform]. 60.5% of the population was keep to receive. Information from programs and 46% wished to use educational leaflets

[Effect of local hypothermia in prevention or reduction of chemotherapy induced mucositis signs]

Oral mucositis frequently occurs in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. It is hypothesized that Oral Cooling with ice chips or cubes cause local vasoconstriction thus cause less exposure to agents and then mucositis development. In this study, this theory was examined on 14 patients in 3 consecutive cycles in which stomatitis developed in the 1 st cycle of treatment. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the Ice-Therapy [mouth-cooling] in prevention or decreasing symptoms of chemotherapeutic-related stomatitis. Date was obtained on a total of 100 out-patients initiating chemotherapy regimens. The patients reported different rates of stomatitis received ice cubes in their 2nd cycle of treatment during the drug infusion and a few minutes after it. In the next cycle, the same patients were evaluated without mouth cooling. The severity of mucositis were measured based on the patient's judgment and scaled on WHO grading system in the 7th and 10th days. Statistically, comparison of severity rates of mucositis between 3 consecutive cycles were performed by mean, p value, GAMMA coefficient and Friedman test. Statistical approach of data between 3 cycles determined that severity rates of mucositis have been decreased significantly between 1st and 2nd cycles[p<0.01, gamma coefficient: 65%] But this relationship has not been obtained in comparison between 2nd and 3rd cycles so it has been speculated that Oral Cooling has no useful effect on the prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Oral Cooling has no evidence of benefit in improvement or decreasing of the chemotherapy induced lesions

[Antimicrobial effects of sanosil solution on dental instruments]

Sanosil is a brand new disinfectant that is composed of H2O2 and traces of Ag with considerable effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Sanosil on disinfecting dental devices and instruments. This laboratory-based study was conducted on 60 samples that were collected before [n=30] and after [n=30] administration of Sanosil from the same spots on dental instruments. The samples were cultured on blood agar and chocolate agar and were incubated in 37°C for 24 hours. The effect of Sanosil was investigated by counting the number of microbial colonies after determining the standard laboratory species' type and subtype. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 14 and Chi-square test for determining the significance level, and alpha error was set at 0.05. The isolated microorganisms were mainly: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, coagolase negative Staphylococcus, E.coli, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, E.coli Aeromonas hydrophila, corynebacterium, Microccus luteus. From the total samples 90% were free of any bacteria. Microbial load was significantly reduced [P<0.05] after Sanosil application on dental instruments and it also deferred the growth of standard microorganisms in vitro. Sanosil is an effective agent in decreasing bacterial contamination of dental instruments without any adverse effect on the surface of instruments

[Knowledge and attitude of Tehran high school students on HIV/AIDS, 2005]

Due to lack of access to information regarding AIDS and its prevention methods, this study assessed the knowledge and attitude of high school students in districts 6 and II in Tehran -2005. In this cross-sectional study, 990 high school students selected by multi-step random sampling method were evaluated by NCHS questionnaire including 22 queries about knowledge and the remainder regarding attitude. Data were analyzed by Stepwise multivariable regression, Student's T and Mann - whitney tests. Nine hundred and ninety individuals [538 males and 452 females] participated in the study. 22.5% answered correctly to 5 out of 7 questions concerning the ways not resulting to transmission the disease. The least knowledge was related to the lack of possibility of disease transmission through insect bite. Regarding treatment modalities of AIDS, the students had few information about medications prescribed to prolong thc survival time of the patients. 53.5% emphasized the necessity for AIDS screening like routine tests. 77% believed that they were able to protect themselves against HIV infection. 66.6% of subjects were afraid of being affected by the disease. The most popular source of awareness was found to he TV and the least one was radio. The knowledge of high school students of districts 6 and 11 of Tehran students regarding HIV infection was good. Meanwhile pronmtion from first level to higher levels of high school correlates to increased awareness

Unilateral fusion of a mandibular third molar to supernumerary tooth: a case report

Fusion is a developmental anomaly defined as the union of two normally separated tooth buds or the partial splitting of one tooth bud into two buds. Depending on the stage of development, fusion may be either complete or incomplete. The significance of this particular case was that this fusion occurred in a posterior permanent mandibular tooth, while such a manifestation is more reported in maxillary anterior teeth; either in the primary [0.5%] or permanent [0.1%] dentition. The genetic basis for this anomaly is probably autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance. In addition, the essential findings for differential diagnosis include number of teeth, radiography and clinical features

relationship between halitosis and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria in oral cavity

To assess the association of halitosis and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria in oral cavity. The study was analytical and case control in which thirty-four patients with halitosis and 27 normal controls, referred to Department of Oral Medicine in Shahid Beheshti Dental School, have been visited by two dentists and studied microbiologically. Samples for micribiological studies were taken from the base of the tongue by a wooden instrument and immediately transported to liquid thioglycollate medium. The samples were cultured in nutrient culture medium, blood agar, MacConkey agar and chocolate agar after incubation at 37°C for 24 hours in anaerobic jar. Appropriate laboratory tests, such as catalase, coagulase, manitol, gellatinase, oxidase and DNase, were used to make differential diagnosis of cultured bacteria. The results were analyzed, using chi square test, Fisher's exact test, T test and Mann-Whitney U test. All tests were 2-tailed with alpha set at 0.05. Obligate anaerobic bacteria were cultured in 24 of the cases [%70.1] and 11 of the controls [%40.7]. This difference was significant [p=0.036, OR=3.5]. Thirty-one cases [%91.2] and 24 controls [%88.9] were cultured-positive for either facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria [p=ns, OR=1.3]. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups according to cultured-positive individuals for fusobacterium, fusiform bacillus prevotella, veillonella, haemophilus, spirillum and kingella, but tendency to difference for bacteroides [p=0.083, OR=3.3] and Niesseria [p=0.084, OR=0.4]. There is an association between halitosis with obligate anaerobic bacteria