[Determination of the ratio and causes of unused blood ordered from blood bank blood in elective surgery in Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital]

Blood reservation is done in many surgical operations because of the risk of bleeding. However, reservation should be based on a standard protocol so as to prevent blood loss. In this study, we deal with the ratio and causes of unused blood ordered from blood bank in elective surgeries in Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran. In this descriptive study, a questionnaire was added to file records of patients who were candidates for elective surgery in Rasoul-e Akram Hospital during 2005. Questionnaires were filled out by the physicians who had ordered blood after patients' discharge; these questionnaires were ultimately sent to blood transfusion committee. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive statistic methods and SPSS version11.5. The total number of reserved blood bags for elective surgeries was 8385 in one year out of which 1460 [17/4%] were transfused. The ratio of transfused cross-matched blood was 3.12; the major reason for ordered blood not to be used was incorrect surgical team estimation [44.6%]. This study revealed that blood reservation is not performed based on any definite protocol and it is necessary to control the reservation and use of blood both qualitatively and quantitatively in medical centers

Opioid requirement after elective leg surgery [ORIF] under general anesthesia, for smoker and non smoker men

Postoperative pain relief is one of the most important therapeutic aims, especially in orthopedic patients. This study was designed to compare the analgesic requirement in smoker and non smoker men after ORIF surgery under general Anesthesia. This was a "cohort study". 116 patients with fractures of both tibia and fibula, were placed in 2 equal groups, G.A was performed with halothan 0.8% and fentanyl and atracurium under mechanical ventilation. 4, 8 and 24 hours after the surgery, post operative pain was evaluated by means of VAS in recovery room. Collected data were recorded in designed questionnaires and injected doses of the opioid drug [pethidine 1 mg/kg] was extract from the patient's sheets. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS. Mann Whitney and T-tests were used for comparison of pain sensation in smokers and non smokers and analyzing quantitative data respectively. In summary, pain sensation and opioid requirement were more in smokers than nonsmokers, and with respective p values of 0.033 and 0.003, significant differences were detected in both aspects. The results of this study revealed that smokers felt more pain, and needed more opioid for pain relief. Therefore smoker men need more pain control

Response of wheat plants to sodium and calcium ion interaction under saline environment

Wheat being a glycophyte crop, responds differently to saline-sodic soil environmental conditions. The application of calcium is multidimensional with respect to sodium ion and plant part response. This study was conducted to record the response of shoot and root to sodium and calcium interaction under saline environment. Wheat seed of variety Punjab 85 were raised in quartz sand. Later on the seedlings were transplanted to pots containing Hoagland's nutrient solution along with NaCl at 0 mM. and 50 mM. Calcium was applied as CaSO[4] 2H[2]O at 3 mM. and 6 mM. Under saline conditions shoot showed positive response to sodium ion in the presence of higher calcium. Relative water contents were higher in the root system at 6 mM of CaSO[4]. 2H[2]O under saline condition. Growth responses to potassium and Magnesium in the presence of sodium induced salinity with calcium ion interaction remained variable

Varietals differences in agronomic performance of six wheat varieties grown under saline field environment

Six wheat varieties [SARC-1, SARC-2, SARC-3, SARC-4, LU26S and Punjab-85] were planted in the field to evaluate their comparative performance under saline conditions. LU26S appeared the most salt-tolerant variety and gave the highest grain weight due to its low Na[+] uptake, high K[+]/Na[+] ratio, higher dry weight of shoots and spikes and better grain development. Better exclusion of Na[+] and other ions from the leaves of salt-tolerant variety LU2 6S could also be a reason for its ability to maintain a higher grain weight in the saline soil. Punjab-85 appeared the most salt-sensitive variety as its dry weight of main shoots and spikes were also found to be the lowest. High Na[+] uptake, lower K[+]/Na[+] ratio, lower dry weight of main shoots and spikes and lower 100 grain weight were the main reasons for salt-sensitivity in Punjab-85. Dry weight of shoots, spikes and grain weight of SARC-3 under saline soil conditions was almost similar to the salt-sensitive variety Punjab-85 and could be classified as salt-sensitive. Flag leaf area decreased drastically due to salt stress in all the varieties and this could be a major cause for low yield. There was however, a very low linear correlation between the flag leaf area and the grain weight in pooled data for all the six wheat varieties

Identification of effectiveness of Rubella vaccine before and after national vaccination program, Iran, Feb 2003

Rubella is a communicable and common disease of childhood and adulthood. In pregnancy the infection may cause severe complications in fetus. Then, knowing the rate of young women immunity to this disease in reproductive ages has a great importance in prevention of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the immunity of 150 students of Shahrekord university of medical sciences against rubella before and after national vaccination program in Feb 2003 in Iran. In this quasi experimental study, the anti-rubella IgG titer in 150 students of Shahrekord university of medical sciences four weeks before and eight weeks after anti-rubella vaccination, was evaluated using ELISA method. Data was analyzed with Ttest by SPSS software. Eighty-six percent of our cases had protective titer of anti-rubella antibodies before rubella vaccination and 14% had no protective antibody titer. Besides, after vaccination 96.9% acquired complete protection against the disease and 3.1% had no protection. The effectiveness of vaccination was calculated about 80.95%.Based on the results of our study, vaccination against rubella in national vaccination program, was able to produce a protective immunity against rubella in studied cases