ABSTRACT
The skin on the dorsum of the foot is innervated by the superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, sural and saphenous nerves. Most of the dorsum is supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve. Here we report a variation in the sensory innervation of the dorsum of the left foot in a 52 years old male cadaver. The skin of the first inter-digital cleft i.e., the cleft between the great and second toes which is normally innervated by the deep peroneal nerve was also supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve. A communication between the superficial and the deep peroneal branches were also observed prior to innervation. In addition, the fourth inter digital cleft i.e., cleft between the fourth and fifth toes which is normally innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve was supplied by the sural nerve. Cutaneous nerves on the dorsum of foot are at risk for iatrogenic damage while performing arthroscopy, local anaesthetic block, and surgical approach to the fibula, open reduction and internal fixation of lateral malleolar fractures, application of external fixators, elevation of a fasciocutaneous or fibular flaps for grafting, surgical decompression of neurovascular structures, or miscellaneous surgery on leg, foot and ankle. Therefore a detailed knowledge about the variations in the pattern of cutaneous innervation of dorsum of foot may decrease the damage to these nerves during operative procedures.
ABSTRACT
The superficial peroneal nerve is one of the terminal branch of common peroneal nerve. There are reports in the available literature about the variant course and distribution of this nerve. The variations of the above nerve are important and provide important information to surgeons during dissection of lower limb. In the present case a rare higher division of superficial peroneal nerve into medial and lateral branches in the leg was seen in an adult male cadaver in left lower limb. Awareness of anatomical variations of superficial peroneal nerve presented here becomes important to avoid injury in clinical situations like pain over the lateral malleolus.
ABSTRACT
Anomalies of the brachial plexus and its terminal branches are common. During routine dissection in an adult male cadaver in the right upper limb a rare variation in the formation of median nerve was observed. Median nerve was formed by three roots, one from medial cord and two from lateral cord of brachial plexus. The additional root originated from lateral cord 3 cm below the lateral root and had an oblique course in front of axillary artery and joined with the median nerve in the upper third of arm. However, the distribution of the anomalous median nerve was normal in arm, forearm and palm and arterial pattern was also normal. Presence of additional lateral root of median nerve though rare is of great academic and clinical significance in Orthopedics, Anaesthesiology, Sports medicine and Physiotherapy.
ABSTRACT
During dissection of abdomen by the undergraduate medical students three accessory renal arteries were observed on the right side. The superior accessory artery was a small vessel arising from aorta just above the normal renal artery. It entered the anterior surface of kidney just below the upper pole. The middle and inferior arteries were caudal to the normal renal artery. The middle artery was arising from testicular artery and entered the anterior surface of kidney below the hilum. The inferior artery was arising from aorta just above its bifurcations and entered the lower pole of kidney. The importance of accessory renal arteries in surgical procedures of the posterior abdominal wall and renal transplantation are discussed.