ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Neoleucinodes elegantalis is an important tomato pest in Brazil, occurring throughout the country and resulting in economic losses in agriculture. In several species, biogeographic studies in Brazil indicate the structuring of populations, following the refuge model, with a split between the populations of the northeast and the southeast regions of Brazil. The objective of this work was to analyze the phylogeography of N. elegantalis in Brazil, understanding its population structure and the demographic patterns. Larvae were collected from eight locations throughout Brazil, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was analyzed. A total of 628 bp in 51 individuals were obtained, showing 12 haplotypes with a haplotype diversity of 0.836. Spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) and cluster analysis showed two populations, indicating population structuring between individuals from the northeast (population 1) and southeast (population 2) regions of Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the clades corresponding to the groups defined by SAMOVA have a divergence time of 0.2–0.5 million years, suggesting isolation during climatic events and a separation of the two populations coinciding with the predicted refuges to the Atlantic forest.
ABSTRACT
Deltamethrin is one of the most frequently used insecticide in Brazilian maize fields aiming to control the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Despitethe fact that the toxicology of this insecticide is well known, there is little information about its impact on Neotropical Coleoptera. Therefore our objective was to evaluate the deltamethrin effect on the Coleoptera assemblage associated with maize crops. The treatments used were conventional and no tillage cultivation with or without deltamethrin sprays. There was significant effect of the cultivation system on the species assemblage selected for analysis. The effect of deltamethrin was only detectedin the conventional cultivation system, while no significant effect of insecticide spraying was observed on the Coleoptera assemblage associated with the maize crop, suggesting a buffer effect provided by this cultivation system in the impact caused by the insecticide.
A deltametrina é um dos inseticidas mais usados em cultivos de milho no Brasil visando o controle da lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Apesar de esse inseticida ser muito bem conhecido sob o aspecto toxicológico, pouco se sabe sobre seu impacto emcoleópteros neotropicais. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do inseticida deltametrina na comunidade de coleópteros associados a cultivos de milho. Os tratamentos usados foram os sistemas de plantio convencional e plantio direto com a aplicação ou não de deltametrina. O sistema de plantio afetou o conjunto de espécies selecionadas para análise. Foi detectado efeito significativo dadeltametrina apenas no sistema de plantio convencional enquanto que no sistema de plantio direto, a aplicação do inseticida não afetou de forma significativa a comunidade de coleópteros presentes no milho, sugerindo um efeito mitigador exercido por esse sistema de plantio no impacto causado pelo inseticida.
ABSTRACT
Foram avaliados os quatro componentes sintéticos identificados no feromônio sexual da broca-pequena-do-tomate, Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (BPT): (E)-11-hexadecenol (E11-16:OH), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Al) e (E)-11-Acetato de hexadecenila (E11-16:OAc). Testes de campo foram realizados com armadilhas objetivando identificar o composto mais eficaz na captura de machos do inseto e determinar o efeito de concentrações do isômero Z11-16:OH, em mistura com o componente mais eficaz na captura de machos. Em laboratório, foram realizados testes eletrofisiológicos com eletroantenógrafo para monitorar as respostas da antena de machos de N. elegantalis a diferentes concentrações dos componentes. E11-16:OH, na concentração de 100 æg foi o mais eficaz entre os componentes testados do feromônio sexual da BPT. A adição de seu isômero, Z11-16:OH, reduziu a captura de insetos. Obteve-se resposta fisiológica (potencial de ação) a todos os componentes testados. Para E11-16:OH, a intensidade de despolarização da antena aumentou em relação direta com sua concentração, no entanto, para os demais componentes, os quimioreceptores foram sensíveis somente nas concentrações mais altas.
Four synthetic components of the sexual pheromone identified from the small tomato borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (BPT) were evaluated: (E)-11-hexadecenol (E11-16:OH), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Al) and (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (E11-16:OAc). Field tests were carried out with traps aiming at identifying the most effective component in the capture of N. elegantalis males, and determining the effect of different concentrations of the isomeric Z11-16:OH, in a mixture with the most effective component, in the capture of the males. In laboratory, electrophysiological tests were carried out with an electroantennograph to monitor the response of the antenna of N. elegantalis males to logarithmic concentrations of the four identified components. E11-16:OH, at the concentration of 100 æg, was the most effective among the tested components of the sexual pheromone of BPT. The isomer of this component, Z11-16:OH, was added and reduced insect capture. Physiological responses to all tested components were registered. E11-16:OH promoted depolarization of the antenna in straight relation with its concentration, while for the others components, the chemoreceptors have responded only to the higher concentrations.
ABSTRACT
Chemical control has been preferentially used to suppress pests by farmers mainly due to low price of the products and immediate action on target organisms. However, wide action range of the compounds, undesirable effects on non target organisms and the contamination of the environment areamong the disadvantages of this method of control. This study evaluated the action of the insecticides chlorpyrifos, disulfoton, ethion and methyl-parathion, normally used to control the coffee leaf-miner, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville), on the predaceous mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma,a control agent of the phytophagous mites Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) and Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) in coffee plantation. Discriminatory concentrations (LC99), established on the 3rd instar of L. coffeella, by means of the method of dry insecticide residues impregnated in filter paper, were used toverify the selectivity of the insecticides on the predaceous mite. The insecticide chlorpyrifos caused 100% of mortality in I. zuluagai. Ethion and methyl-parathion showed mortality of 34% and 19%, respectively. Disulfoton presented the highest selectivity for the mite, with no lethal action on the predator. The different effects found on the insecticides action show that it is possible to use the selective insecticidesin coffee plantation to preserve populations of I. zuluagai, thus favouring the biological control on phytophagous mite.
O controle químico apresenta vantagens como economicidade e rapidez de ação, e tem sido preferencialmente usado no controle de pragas pelos agricultores. Em contrapartida, entre as desvantagensdestaca-se o largo espectro de ação dos compostos, que atingem espécies não-alvos, como inimigos naturais, além de contaminarem o meio ambiente. O presente trabalho avaliou a ação dos inseticidas clorpirifós, dissulfotom, etiom e paratiom-metílico, normalmente usados para controlar o bicho-mineirodo-cafeeiro Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville), sobre o ácaro predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, agente de controle dos ácaros fitófagos Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) e Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) em agroecossistema cafeeiro. Para verificar o efeito seletivo dos compostos sobre oácaro predador, concentrações discriminatórias (CLs99) dos quatros inseticidas foram determinadas parao 3o instar larval de L. coffeella, através do método de bioensaios de concentração-mortalidade em papelfiltro,impregnado com resíduo seco de inseticidas. O clorpirifós causou 100% de mortalidade dos ácaros testados; o etiom e o paratiom-metílico causaram 34% e 19% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Dissulfotom foi o mais seletivo em favor do predador, não mostrando ação letal. O efeito diferenciado dos inseticidas foi desta forma verificado, e tal informação possibilita a utilização dos inseticidas seletivos no agroecossistema cafeeiro, preservando populações de I. zuluagai e favorecendo o controle biológico exercido pelo ácaro predador.