ABSTRACT
Resumen Se presentan resultados de una investigación empírica sobre problemas comportamentales en niños y niñas escolarizados entre 6 y 11 años. El objetivo principal es describir, desde la perspectiva epidemiológica, los problemas comportamentales de una muestra clínica (N = 395; edad: . = 7.92 y DE = 1.75) y de una muestra no clínica (N = 363; edad: . = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). Son objetivos específicos el analizar las diferencias por sexo y variables sociodemográficas en ambos contextos: clínico y no clínico. No se efectuó un estudio comparativo entre ambas muestras. Se administró el formulario Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) y una encuesta sociodemográfica a los adultos responsables. El análisis cuantitativo se efectuó mediante estudios de frecuencia, distribución y asociaciones entre variables con el objetivo de describir a ambas muestras desde el punto de vista de los resultados del CBCL y de las variables sociodemográficas. Se estudiaron asociaciones entre los valores de las escalas de síndromes del CBCL y las variables sociodemográficas mediante el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA). Se obtuvieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de problemas comportamentales y las condiciones socioeconómicas de la familia: a mayor vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y educativa, mayor deterioro en la salud mental infantil. Este estudio se encontró con la dificultad de las restricciones sanitarias por la pandemia de COVID-19 para continuar el trabajo de campo. Interesa replicar el estudio y considerar el impacto de la pandemia y el presunto deterioro de las variables sociodemográficas. Se debe priorizar la continuidad de una indagación sostenida para un seguimiento de la salud mental infantil.
Abstract This article shows the results of an empirical research study on behavioral and emotional problems in schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years old. From an epidemiological perspective the goal is to describe the behavioral problems of a clinical sample (N= 395, age: . = 7.92 y SD = 1.75) and a non-clinical sample (N = 363, age: M = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). The specific objectives are to analyze the differences by sex and possible sociodemographic variables in both clinical and non-clinical contexts. A comparative study between both samples is not carried out. We administered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a sociodemographic survey to the responsible adults. The quantitative analysis was carried out through studies of frequency, distribution and associations among variables in order to describe both samples from the point of view of the CBCL results and of the sociodemographic variables. In order to identify the possible sociodemographic conditioning factors in the childhood and youth psychopathology, we studied the associations among the CBCL syndrome scale scores and the different sociodemographic variables through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the clinical sample show mental health deterioration in boys and girls compared to previous studies. The increase of the internalizing and externalizing syndrome scores is significant. The prejudices and gender stereotypes constitute obstacles to gain access to mental health services in childhood, especially for girls whose psychological conditions may often go unnoticed. In the non-clinical sample, the gender distribution is even and the total average of average scores is lower compared to studies performed in other populations in previous years. In both samples we observe a significant relation between the psychological and behavioral problems and the socio-economic conditions of the family. The higher the educational and socio-economic vulnerability, the higher the deterioration of the children's mental health. The simultaneous study from the epidemiological perspective in both samples is necessary to detect psychopathological problems in childhood. This study encountered some limitations: the difficulty to continue the field work due to sanitary restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic. We want to replicate the study in both samples considering the impact of the pandemic and the alleged deterioration of the sociodemographic variables and family conditions. Another limitation has been the socio-economic homogeneity of the clinical sample. It would be useful in the future to include clinical samples that belong to other socioeconomic sectors who receive mental health care from private medical insurances or medical insurances run by labor unions. The shortage of epidemiological studies on emotional and behavioral problems in children and the lack of research work on the right to receive mental health care in childhood, indicate the absence of this topic in the political agenda. This deficit prevents the implementation of efficient programs to prevent and early detect mental health problems in children, to extend clinical care proposals in the community and to train professionals so that the programs can have an accurate impact on the population. It is a priority to continue the sustained inquiry in both populations in order to ensure the follow-up of the mental health conditions. Also, it would be useful to extend and deepen the analysis incorporating the examination of other family problems such as violence situations, consumption of psychoactive drugs, suicides and other loss situation.
ABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de contrastar los postulados de la "Crianza con Apego" propuesta por William Sears, sustentada en la "Teoría del Apego" desarrollada por John Bowlby y reivindicada por diversos autores contemporáneos que defienden la práctica del colecho en la actualidad, analizaré los conceptos del psicoanálisis que se pronuncian en contra de la misma a través de una revisión bibliográfica exploratoria que busca profundizar los conocimientos sobre el colecho.
With the aim of contrasting the premises of "Attachment Parenting" proposed by William Sears, based on the "Theory of Attachment" developed by John Bowlby and claimed by various contemporary authors who defend the practice of co-sleeping, I will analyze the psychoanalytic concepts against it through an exploratory bibliographical revision that seeks to deepen the knowledge about co-sleeping.
Subject(s)
Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Psychoanalysis , Child Rearing , Mother-Child Relations , Object AttachmentABSTRACT
El propósito de este artículo es exponer los beneficios del vínculo entre la actividad de investigación empírica en psicoterapia y la tarea clínica, en particular la supervisión clínica. Se describirán aspectos metodológicos de una investigación empírica para determinar eficacia terapéutica en psicoterapia psicoanalítica; el método construido para el análisis de las intervenciones del terapeuta y las respuestas de los pacientes, consistente en el estudio segmentado de los registros observacionales de sesiones y la aplicación de códigos descriptivos elaborados ad-hoc, ha resultado útil asimismo como instrumento para optimizar la práctica de la supervisión de casos clínicos. El estudio pormenorizado de sesiones de psicoterapia que demanda el método de investigación empírica, opera como una lupa que desvela con precisión la dinámica de funcionamiento mental del paciente y los modos eficaces o fallidos de las intervenciones del terapeuta, lo que complementa la mirada clínica propia de la actividad de supervisión.
The purpose of this article is to present the benefits of the link between empirical research activity in psychotherapy and clinical task, especially clinical supervision. Methodological aspects of an empirical research will be described to determine therapeutical eficacy in psychoanalytical psychotherapy. The method created for the analysis of therapist’s interventions and patients answers, consisting in the segmented study of the observational records of sessions and the implementation of descriptive codes developed ad-hoc, proved to be useful as an instrument to optimize the practice of clinical cases’ supervision. The detailed study of psychotherapy sessions, demanded by the empirical research method, acts as a magnifying glass that accurately reveals the dynamics of the patient’s mental functioning and the effective or ineffective types of therapist’s interventions, what complements the clinical look typical of the supervision activity.
ABSTRACT
Este trabajo es una exploración del marco teórico de una investigación desarrollada mediante una beca UBACyT de maestría, cuyo propósito es efectuar un estudio descriptivo del juego de niños entre 6 y 8 años en el contexto de la psicoterapia psicoanalítica grupal y su potencial relación con la contención emocional de los padres. Objetivos: Delimitar el significado otorgado al juego de los niños en la obra de autores clásicos del psicoanálisis. Metodología: Se efectúa una investigación conceptual sobre el juego de los niños, en tanto actividad normal de su vida anímica y en el contexto de la psicoterapia psicoanalítica. Se rastrea el concepto en la obra de Sigmund Freud, punto de partida de teorizaciones posteriores de autores de la Escuela Inglesa de Psicoanálisis. Dentro de esta corriente, se enfatizan los aportes de Melanie Klein, pionera en el trabajo psicoanalítico con niños, y de Donald Winnicott, que enriquecen la conceptualización de la actividad lúdica. Resultados y Conclusión: Los diferentes modos de conceptuar la actividad lúdica de los niños por parte de los autores mencionados, influyó en el modo de concebir la clínica psicoanalítica con niños.
The following paper is part of the theoretical frame of an investigation that is being developed by an UBACyT master scholarship, which purpose is to carry out a descriptive study of children´s play between six and eight years old in the context of the psychoanalytic psychotherapy group and its potential relationship with the capacity of emotional containment of parents. Aim: Specify the meaning given to children´s play in the work of classical psychoanalytical authors. Methodology: A conceptual research about children´s play is carried out, as a normal activity in their mind life and as a psychoanalytical psychotherapy activity. The concept has been searched throughout Sigmund Freud´s work, as the basic and first step of the following theoretical discoveries of the English Psychoanalytical School Considering this approach, Melanie Klein´s contributions are emphasized, as she was a pioneer in the psychoanalytical work with children, and Donald Winnicott´s ones, as he enriched the concept of ludic production in childhood. Results and conclusion: The different approaches to children´s ludic production, established by the previously mentioned authors, influenced the way to conceive the psychoanalytical clinic with children.