ABSTRACT
Background: National Family Health Survey (NHFS) is a periodically conducted survey, which delivers data on health and healthcare of a representative sample of households of India. Studies that have evaluated hypertension awareness, treatment and control and its association with patient level socioeconomic factors are limited in India. The objectives of this study were to determine association of demographic variables like age, sex, habitat, wealth, religion and educational status with prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among rural and urban subjects in different states and union territories of india from NFHS-4 data.Methods: Data of 803211 subjects were taken from NFHS survey in 36 states and union territories of india, in 2015-2016. Prevalence of hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control status and their association with age, sex, habitat, wealth, religion and educational status were determined. Logistic regression was carried out to evaluate the impact of different predictor variables.Results: Data of 803211 subjects were taken from NFHS survey voluntarily given by them for our project, of which 565705 (70.43%) came from rural population. 103525 of them were male which comprised of 12.89% and rest 87.11% were female volunteers in 36 states and union territories of india. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control level in India was 17.69%, 20.44%, 34.37% and 13.64% respectively. In general, these parameters were much better in urban population and in female. Although variations were observed between different study sites, they were low with poor education and wealth index.Conclusions: Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control were mostly low among the male, rural, poor and less educated individuals with large state wise variations.
ABSTRACT
Background:Undiagnosed fever has been a predicament to physicians all over the world for decades. This study was undertaken to evaluate the demographic and etiological pattern of a rural population in Eastern India. Objectives. 1. To study the spectrum of etiology of prolonged fever. 2. To evaluate the demographic characteristics of the patients. Methods: All patients with undiagnosed fever for more than three weeks attending the Medicine outpatient Department were included in the study. History and clinical examination were recorded in a proforma. All patients under went routine as well as relevant special investigations including RDT for Malaria, IgM ELISA for Leptospira and Chikungunya and Brucella. Blood, urine and other body fluid culture including BACTEC and CB NAAT (as required) were also done. Endoscopies, imaging studies and guided biopsies were performed where needed. Results were recorded and analysed using appropriate descriptive statistical methods using SPSS Software (version 20). Results:A total number of 110 patients were included in the study. Of them 52(47.2%) were male and 58 (52.7%) were female. The age of the patients varied from 15 years to 78 years mean age being 33.68±18.77. Conclusion: The patients were mainly from rural background, most common districts being Murshidabad (40%) followed by24 Parganas S (20%), Midnapur (14.5%) and Nadia (10.9%). Socioeconomic status of the patients varied from lower (47.2%) lower middle class (39%) to middle class(13.8%). 65.3% of the patients were literate of whom 10.9 % of the people were matriculate while 1.8% were graduates. The commonest etiology of prolonged fever were infections 76(69%) out of which Tuberculosis 44(40%), took the lions’ share. Tuberculosis was followed by chronic UTI (8.2%) enteric fever(5.5%) and malaria(4.5%). This was followed by various malignancies 14(12.7%) and inflammatory disorders 12(10.9%) It was notable that while prevalence of infections were comparable in males and females the prevalence of cancers (15.3%vs10.3%) and inflammatory disorders (7.6%vs 13.8%) varied. No diagnosis could be reached in 3.6% cases.