Avaliação dos fatores associados à transmissão vertical de HIV-1 / Evaluation of factors associated with vertical HIV-1 transmission

Resumo Objetivo Comparar a prevalência e os fatores associados à transmissão vertical de HIV-1 entre grávidas tratadas de 1998-2004 e de 2005-2011 em um serviço de referência de cuidado de pacientes com HIV no sul do Brasil. Métodos Estudo descritivo e analítico que usou as bases de dados de laboratórios da Rede Nacional de Laboratórios de CD4 e Carga Viral de DST/Aids do Ministério da Saúde. As grávidas com HIV-1 foram selecionadas em uma pesquisa ativa de informações clínicas e dados obstétricos e neonatais em seus prontuários médicos entre 1998-2011. Resultados Foram analisadas 102 grávidas entre 1998 e 2004 e 251 entre 2005-2011, no total 353 crianças nascidas de grávidas com HIV-1. Observou-se que a transmissão vertical foi de 11,8% entre 1998 e 2004 e de 3,2% entre 2005-2011 (p < 0,001). O maior uso de medicamentos antirretrovirais (p = 0,02), a redução na carga viral (p < 0,001) e o tempo de ruptura de membranas menor do que quatro horas (p < 0,001) foram associados à redução nos fatores de transmissão vertical quando os dois períodos são comparados. Conclusão Observou-se uma redução na taxa de transmissão vertical nos últimos anos. De acordo com as variáveis estudadas, sugere-se que os fatores de risco de transmissão vertical de HIV-1 foram ausência de terapia antirretroviral, alta carga viral das grávidas e tempo de ruptura maior do que quatro horas.

Abstract Objective To compare the prevalence and factors associated with vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) among pregnant women treated in the periods of 1998-2004 and 2005-2011 in a reference service for the care of HIV-infected patients in southern Brazil. Methods This was a descriptive and analytical study that used the databases of laboratories from the CD4 and STDs/AIDS Viral Load National Laboratory Network of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. HIV-1-infected pregnant women were selected after an active search for clinical information and obstetric and neonatal data from their medical records between the years of 1998 and 2011. Results 102 pregnant women were analyzed between 1998 and 2004 and 251 in the period between 2005 and 2011, totaling 353 children born to pregnant women with HIV-1. It was observed that the vertical transmission rate was 11.8% between 1998 and 2004 and 3.2% between 2005 and 2011 (p < 0.001). The increased use of antiretroviral drugs (p = 0.02), the decrease in viral load (p < 0.001), and time of membrane rupture lower than 4 h (p < 0.001) were associated with the decrease of vertical transmission factors when comparing the two periods. Conclusion It was observed a decrease in the rate of vertical transmission in recent years. According to the studied variables, is suggested that the risk factors for vertical transmission of HIV-1 were absence of antiretroviral therapy, high viral load in the pregnant women, and membrane rupture time >4 h.

Prevalência de Chlamydia trachomatis e fatores de risco associados à infecção detectada em amostra endocervical / Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and risk factors associated with infection detected in endocervical sample

OBJETIVO: Foi avaliar a prevalência de Chlamydia trachomatis e os fatores de risco associados à infecção em amostras endocervicais de mulheres atendidas em ambulatório de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. MÉTODOS: Amostras de secreção endocervical de 200 mulheres atendidas em Hospital Universitário foram avaliadas para diagnosticar C. trachomatis com uso da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) utilizando primers CT05/CT06 que amplificam 281 pares de bases da principal proteína de membrana externa de C. trachomatis. Todas as participantes responderam a um questionário pré-codificado e autoaplicável. Os dados foram analisados no programa do software SPSS 17.0; para a análise multivariada foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Das 200 mulheres que foram incluídas no estudo, a prevalência de infecção por C. trachomatis foi de 11% (22 pacientes) e destas 55 (27,5%) foram positivas para o HPV. Os fatores de risco associados à infecção por C. trachomatis foram: ter 8 anos ou menos de escolaridade (p<0,001), renda familiar de até 1 salário mínimo (p=0,005), primeira relação sexual com 15 anos ou menos (p=0,04) e ser portadora do vírus HIV (p<0,001). Após a análise multivariada, apenas as variáveis escolaridade igual ou inferior a oito anos (RP 6,0; IC95% 1,26 - 29,0; p=0,02) e presença do HIV (RP 14,1; IC95% 3,4 - 57,5; p<0,001) permaneceram significantes. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de C. trachomatis em amostras endocervicais pelo método de PCR foi de 11%. Os fatores associados à maior infecção por C. trachomatis foram menor escolaridade e ser portar o vírus HIV.

PURPOSE: It was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and the risk factors associated with infection in endocervical specimens from women seen in outpatient Obstetrics and Gynecology. METHODS: Samples of endocervical secretion of 200 women treated at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande were analyzed for the presence of C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers that amplify CT05/CT06 281 base pairs of the main outer membrane protein of C. trachomatis. All participants completed a pre-coded and self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 17.0 software; for multivariate analysis it was used Poisson regression. RESULTS: Of the 200 women who were included in the study, the prevalence of infection with C. trachomatis was 11% (22 patients) and these 55 (27.5%) were positive for HPV. Risk factors associated with infection by C. trachomatis were: 8 years or less of schooling (p<0.001), family income below the poverty level (p=0.005), first intercourse at age 15 or less (p=0.04) and being a carrier of the virus HIV (p<0.001). After multivariate analysis, only the variables of schooling or less than eight years (PR 6.0; 95%CI 1.26 - 29.0; p=0.02) and presence of HIV (RP 14.1; 95%CI 3.4 - 57.5; p<0.001) remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of C. trachomatis in endocervical specimens by PCR was 11%. The factors associated with a higher infection by C. trachomatis were lower education and being HIV positive.

Fatores de risco e prevalência da infecção pelo HPV em pacientes de Unidades Básicas de Saúde e de um Hospital Universitário do Sul do Brasil / Risk factors and prevalence of HPV infection in patients from Basic Health Units of an University Hospital in southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência e os genótipos do HPV e identificar os fatores associados à infecção em mulheres, gestantes e não gestantes HIV-1 positivas e negativas, atendidas nos Ambulatórios de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia e em Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Amostras de células cervicais de 302 mulheres foram analisadas para presença de HPV e genótipos por reação em cadeia da polimerase, aninhada e em sequenciamento. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência associadas às variáveis estudadas por meio do teste exato de Fisher ou χ² e de regressão de Poisson. Foram excluídas as participantes sem material suficiente para realizar a extração de DNA. RESULTADOS: Das 302 mulheres incluídas no estudo, o HPV foi detectado em 55 (18,2%); destas, 31 eram gestantes, apresentando uma associação significativa para a presença do HPV (p=0,04) quando comparadas às não gestantes. Os fatores de risco para infecção foram: pacientes com idades <20 anos (p=0,04), início precoce das relações sexuais (p=0,04), ausência do exame citopatológico (p=0,01), diagnóstico de citopatológico alterado (p=0,001) e contagem <349 células/mm³ (p=0,05). No entanto, a multiparidade constitui-se como fator de proteção para a infecção (p=0,01). Na análise multivariada, demonstrou-se que idade <20 anos (RP=2,8; IC95% 1,0 - 7,7, p=0,04) e diagnóstico de citopatológico alterado (RP=11,1; IC95% 3,0 - 4,1, p=0,001) persistiram associadas significativamente à infecção. O genótipo foi determinado em 47 amostras (85,4%), apresentando um por infecção: oito HPV 16 e 58; seis HPV 6; quatro HPV 18 e 33; três HPV 53 e 82; dois HPV 83 e 61; um HPV 31, 35, 45, 64, 68, 71 e 85. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de detecção do HPV foi de 18,2%, os genótipos mais frequentes foram o 16 e 58, sendo que fatores sociodemográficos e ginecológicos apresentaram associação com a infecção viral.

PURPOSE: To determine the HPV prevalence and genotypes and to identify factors associated with infection in pregnant and non-pregnant women with positive or negative HIV-1, treated in Gynecology and Obstetrics Ambulatories and in Health Primary Units, in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. METHODS: Cervical cells samples from 302 patients were analyzed for HPV presence and genotypes were determined by nested and sequencing polymerase chain reaction. We calculated prevalence ratios associated with the studied variables by Fisher's exact or χ² tests, and Poisson's regression. Women with insufficient material were excluded from the study. RESULTS: HPV was detected in 55 of the 302 women included in the study (18.2%); of these, 31 were pregnant, showing a significant association for HPV (p=0.04) when compared to non-pregnant ones. Risk factors for the infection were: patients aged <20 years-old (p=0.04), early initiation of sexual life (p=0.04), absence of cytological test (p=0.01), diagnosis of altered cytology (p=0.001), and counting <349 cells/mm³ (p=0.05). However, multi-parity was found to be a protective factor for the infection (p=0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that age <20 years-old (PR=2.8; 95%CI 1.0 - 7.7, p=0.04) and an altered cytological result (PR=11.1; 95%CI 3.0 - 4.1, p=0.001) were significantly associated with infection. HPV genotype was determined in 47 samples (85.4%) presenting one genotype per infection: eight HPV 16 and 58; six HPV 6; four HPV 18 and 33; three HPV 53 and 82; two HPV 83 and 61; one HPV 31, 35, 45, 64, 68, 71 and 85. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HPV detection was 18.2%, the most frequent genotypes were 16 and 58, and sociodemographic and gynecological factors were associated with viral infection.

The effect of combined polymorphisms in chemokines and chemokine receptors on the clinical course of HIV-1 infection in a Brazilian population

Polymorphisms in genes that encode chemokines or their receptors can modulate susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disease progression. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of polymorphisms CCR5-Δ32, CCR2-64I, CCR5-59029A and SDF1-3'A and their role in the course of HIV infection in a Southern Brazilian population. Clinical data were obtained from 249 patients for an average period of 6.4 years and genotypes were determined by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Survival analyses were conducted for three outcomes: CD4+ T-cell counts below 200 cells/µL, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or death. The frequency of the polymorphisms CCR5-Δ32, CCR2-64I, CCR5-59029A and SDF1-3'A were 0.024, 0.113, 0.487 and 0.207, respectively. CCR5-Δ32 was associated with a reduction in the risk for CD4+ T-cell depletion and with an increased risk for death after AIDS diagnosis. CCR2-64I was associated with a reduction in the risk for developing AIDS. SDF1-3'A was also associated with decreased risk for AIDS, but its effect was only evident when CCR2-64I was present as well. These results highlight the possibility of using these markers as indicators for the prognosis of disease progression and provide evidence for the importance of analysing the effects of gene polymorphisms in a combined fashion.