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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 140(7): 873-881, jul. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-656358

ABSTRACT

Background: Suicidal behaviors and depression are prevalent phenomena among adolescents, and are considered a public health problem. Aim: To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors and the relationship between both phenomena, in a representative sample of students from ninth grade in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: We recruited a probability sample of 2,597 adolescents who answered a questionnaire with questions about suicidal behavior and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Results: The lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation and planning was 21 and 14%, respectively. The prevalence for the past two weeks was 6.7 and 4.4% for suicidal ideation and planning, respectively. Autolytic behaviors, once in lifetime and in the past week were referred by 26 and 4% of respondents, respectively. In one third of these, self-harm coincided with recent suicide ideation or planning. All levels of suicidal behavior were more frequently reported by women. Clinically significant depressive symptoms were present in 23.5% of adolescents. Females doubled male rates. Severe depressive symptoms were present in 9.4% of the sample. A higher level of suicidal behavior correlated with more severe forms of depression. Sixty percent of adolescents who reported recent self-harm, had clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Two thirds of them had severe symptoms. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior in Chilean adolescents is prevalent, and there is an association between this behavior and the level of depression. The school is a good place to identify and develop preventive measures for teenagers.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Depression/epidemiology , Suicidal Ideation , Chile/epidemiology , Depression/psychology , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Factors , Students/psychology
2.
Rev. psiquiatr. clín. (Santiago de Chile) ; 49(1): 9-17, ene.-jun.2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-654601

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Informar los resultados de un estudio piloto que probó la aplicabilidad, eficacia y aceptabilidad de un programa diseñado para prevenir la depresión en estudiantes secundarios. Metodología: El estudio se llevó a cabo en la comuna de San Bernardo. Se usó una metodología mixta: cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico controlado con dos ramas y grupos focales. La muestra estuvo constituida por tres colegios municipales, cuatro clases de 1º Medio en el grupo activo y tres en el grupo control. La intervención de la rama activa consistió en un programa de 11 sesiones, liderado por dos profesionales jóvenes. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida por 277 escolares de 1º Medio, 163 en el grupo activo y 114 en el grupo control. La edad promedio de la muestra fue de 14,5 años (DE=0,6). En el diagnóstico basal, el grupo activo no se diferenció significativamente del grupo control en relación a la edad ni al nivel de sintomatología depresiva. En el grupo activo, el puntaje del BDI-II inicialmente fue de 10,7 (IC 95%=9,0 a 12,4), aumentó al término de la intervención a 11,5 (IC 95%=9,7 a 13,4) y a los 6 meses fue de 9,2 (IC 95 por ciento =7,5 a 10,9). En el grupo control, el promedio en el BDI-II fue de 9,2 (IC 95 por ciento =7,6-10,8); 8,0 (IC 95 por ciento =6,3 a 9,6) y 8,6 (IC 95 por ciento =6,1 a 11,1), respectivamente. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los resultados entre ambos grupos en la sintomatología depresiva. Sin embargo, la intervención actuó como un factor protector para depresión (OR=0,39; IC 95%=0,19 a 0,79). En la evaluación cualitativa, los participantes calificaron positivamente el taller. Conclusiones: El estudio piloto demostró que es posible aplicar programas de este tipo en los colegios con buena aceptabilidad de los adolescentes. La resultados hasta el seguimiento a 6 meses sugieren que la intervención podría reducir la aparición de nuevos casos de depresión.


Objective: To report the results of a pilot study that tested the applicability, efficacy and acceptability of a program designed to prevent depression among secondary school students. Methodology: The study was conducted in the borough of San Bernardo. A mixed methodology was used: qualitative and quantitative. A randomized controlled trial was carried out with two arms and focus groups. The sample included three state funded schools, four 9th grade classes and three in the control group. The intervention in the active arm was an 11-session program led by two young professionals. Results: The sample constituted 277 students, 163 in the active group and 114 in the control group. The mean age of the sample was 14.5 years (SD=0.6). In the baseline diagnosis, the active group did not differ significantly from the control group regarding age and level of depressive symptoms. In the active group, the BDI-II score was initially 10.7 (95 percent CI=9.0 to 12.4) which increased at the end of the intervention to 11.5 (95 percent CI=9.7 to 13.4) and at the 6 months assessment was 9.2 (95 percent CI=7.5 to 10.9). In the control group, the BDI-II mean score was 9.2 (95 percent CI=7.6 to 10.8); 8.0 (95 percent CI=6.3 to 9.6) and 8.6 (95 percent CI=6.1 to 11.1), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the depressive symptoms measured between the control and active groups. However, the intervention acted as a protective factor for depression (OR=0.39; CI 95 percent =0.19 to 0.79). In the qualitative evaluation, participants appraised the program positively. They expressed greater interest in the sessions related to problem-solving strategies. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that it is possible to implement programs like this in schools with good acceptance. The results reached at the time of the 6-month follow-up appear to suggest that the intervention could reduce new cases of depression.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Depression/prevention & control , Students
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(5): 536-542, mayo 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-553251

ABSTRACT

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder that occurs during a specific period of women’s lifetime: puerperium. The prevalence of PPD ranges from 8 percent to 30 percent, and a three-fold increase is seen in emerging as compared to developed countries. Aim: To characterize women consulting in primary care facilities for PPD. Material and Methods: Social and demographic features, obstetrical history, clinical symptoms and puerperal care of 440 postpartum women that sought help in primary care and were diagnosed as depressed, are described. Results: These women had no paid employment (82.7 percent), had unplanned pregnancies (62.5 percent) and lacked adequate social support (59.4 percent). From the clinical viewpoint, most of these puerperal women had a family history of depression (64.2 percent) and 31 percent had suffered from previous depressive episodes. The clinical symptoms of these patients consisted of depressed mood (93.2 percent), anhedonia (87.9 percent) and fatigue (87 percent). Conclusions: Women depressed postpartum form a group that requires more clinical attention due to its great biological vulnerability, active depressive symptoms, and enormous psychosocial risk. The mother and child program, which benefits them, needs to be combined with a mental health component that can offer them a treatment adapted to their psychosocial context.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Depression, Postpartum/therapy , Mothers/psychology , Chile/epidemiology , Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Mental Health , Perinatal Care/statistics & numerical data , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Reproductive History , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
4.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-605306

ABSTRACT

Es de gran relevancia la investigación en prevención de depresión adolescente debido a su alta prevalencia y a las graves consecuencias asociadas. Los programas de prevención en depresión en adolescentes han sido diseñados principalmente en países desarrollados. En Chile la investigación en este tema está recién iniciándose. Las intervenciones preventivas se denominan universales cuando se aplican a toda la población, y específicas cuando se aplican a un grupo considerado de riesgo. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las características que se han asociado a mayor eficacia de estos programas en otros países, discutiendo algunos elementos a considerar para su implementación en Chile. Los programas específicos producen tamaños de efecto mayores que los universales. Sin embargo, las intervenciones universales no deben desestimarse prematuramente, ya que tienen algunas ventajas teóricas y prácticas. Existe mayor eficacia en muestras con mayor proporción de mujeres y en adolescentes de mayor edad. Los programas implementados por profesionales de salud mental son más eficaces que los implementados por profesores, especialmente en el caso de los específicos. Se debe invertir esfuerzos en la investigación en: la necesidad de intervenir de manera diferencial de acuerdo a la edad y al género, los componentes activos que hacen que un programa sea efectivo, el costo-efectividad de estos programas, el uso de nuevas metodologías que incentiven a la participación, favorezcan la incorporación de conocimientos y la mantención de resultados.


Research in prevention of adolescent depression is highly relevant due to its high prevalence and seriously related consequences. Prevention programs in adolescent depression have been designed mainly in developed countries. In Chile, research on this topic is just beginning. Preventive interventions are called universal when they are applied to the entire population and targeted when they are applied to a group considered to be at risk. The aim of this paper is to review the features that have been associated with increased effectiveness of these programs in other countries and discussing some elements that have to be considered for their implementation in Chile. Specific programs produce larger effect sizes than universal. However, universal interventions should not be dismissed prematurely because they have some theoretical and practical advantages. There is greater efficacy in samples with higher proportion of women and older teens. The programs implemented by mental health professionals are more effective than those implemented by teachers, especially in the targeted prevention programs. It is necessary to invest research efforts in: the need to intervene differentially according to age and gender, the active components that make a program effective, cost-effectiveness of these programs, the use of new methodologies that encourage participation, promoting the incorporation of knowledge and the maintenance of long-term positive.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Depression , Primary Prevention , Health Promotion
5.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-605307

ABSTRACT

Este artículo tiene por objetivo describir la intervención realizada en colegios municipalizados, para prevenir la aparición de depresión en alumnos de 1° medio. Se trató de una intervención de tipo Universal, es decir, aplicada a todos los alumnos de la sala de clases, que constó de 12 sesiones de frecuencia semanal. La teoría Cognitiva-Conductual fue utilizada para desarrollar los contenidos de esta intervención que contó con un bloque introductorio, en el que se presentó el modelo cognitivo-conductual, las distorsiones cognitivas y estrategias para enfrentarlas (sesiones 1 a 3). Luego un bloque de detección de estilos atribucionales “depresiógenos” y estrategias para enfrentarlos (sesiones 4 a 6). El siguiente bloque fue acerca de las emociones y cómo modularlas (sesión 7). Siguió el módulo de aprendizaje de estrategias para reconocer y resolver problemas (sesiones 8 a 10), finalizando con una sesión de integración de todo lo aprendido (sesión 11) y una de convivencia y proyección del taller hacia el futuro (sesión 12). El programa fue bien recibido y aceptado por alumnos y profesores. Los problemas más significativos en su aplicación fueron los relacionados con la disciplina. Se realizaron sesiones semanales de supervisón a los facilitadotes a cargo de una psicóloga especializada en teórica cognitiva-conductual. Los resultados de esta intervención se enmarcan dentro de un ensayo clínico randomizado, que busca demostrar la efectividad en la prevención de la depresión en los escolares que asistieron al taller en comparación a un grupo control de escolares que no tuvieron el taller.


The article’s aim is to describe the Intervention made in municipal schools, to prevent the occurrence of depression in students in 9th degree. It was a Universal-type intervention that is applied to all students in the classroom, which consisted of 12 weekly sessions. Cognitive-Behavioral theory was used to develop the contents of this intervention, that had an introductory block, where was presented the cognitive-behavioral model, cognitive distortions, and it’s coping strategies (sessions 1-3). Then a unit with detection of “depressiogenic” attributional style and it’s coping strategies (sessions 4-6). The next block was about emotions and how to modulate it (session 7). Then followed, the module of learning strategies to recognize and solve problems (sessions 8-10), ending with a session to integrate what we have learned (session 11) and with a meeting with a projection of the workshop in the future (meeting 12). The program was well received and accepted by students and teachers. The most significant problems in its implementation were related to the discipline of the students in to the classroom. Sessions were weekly supervised, with the facilitators by cognitive-behavioral theory well trained senior psychologist. The results of this intervention are part of a randomized clinical trial that wants to demonstrate the effectiveness in preventing depression in students who attended the workshop compared to a control group of students who did not have the workshop.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adolescent , Depression/prevention & control , Students
6.
Rev. psiquiatr. clín. (Santiago de Chile) ; 47(1): 57-66, 2010. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-605309

ABSTRACT

La depresión constituye un importante problema de salud pública. La presencia de sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes alcanza cerca de un tercio. Se han descrito factores de vulnerabilidad en este grupo, como el sexo femenino, menor capacidad para la resolución de problemas sociales y pensamientos negativos. OBJETIVOS: Describir la salud mental y factores asociados en una muestra representativa de 2.508 alumnos de 1° Enseñanza Media Municipalizada de Santiago. MÉTODO: Se administraron el Inventario de Depresión de Beck II, Inventario de Resolución de Problemas Sociales Revisado y la Children Automatic Thoughts Scale. Encontramos una prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva de 23,6 por ciento, significativamente mayor entre las mujeres. Existe una asociación entre depresividad, menor habilidad en resolución de problemas sociales y pensamientos negativos, incluso al controlar por el sexo. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados concuerdan los descritos previamente en la literatura nacional e internacional. Es necesario realizar un seguimiento de esta muestra para determinar el impacto de una intervención preventiva y universal en la sala de clases sobre la salud mental de los alumnos.


Depresión is an importan public heath problem. 1/3 of adolescents have depressive symptoms. Some described risk factor are: female sex, lower capacity for problems solving and the presence of negative thoughts. OBJETIVES: To describe mental health and associated factors in a representative sample of 2.508 school children’s attending 1class public secondary schools in Santiago. METHODS: The Beck depression inventory II (BDI-II), the Revised Problem Solving Inventory (SPSI-R) and the Children Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS) were administered . RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 23, 6 percent significantly greater in women. An association between depression, lower capacity to problem solving and the existence of negative thoughts was found even after controlling by sex. CONCLUSSIONS: These results are concordant with the national and international literature it is necessary to follow up this sample to determine the impact of an universal intervention to prevent depression in school children’s.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Depression , Mental Health , Students
7.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-605310

ABSTRACT

El estudio consistió en una evaluación cualitativa de la versión piloto del taller “Yo Pienso, Yo Siento, Yo Actúo”. Este taller está destinado a prevenir la depresión en adolescentes y está basado en el enfoque cognitivo-conductual. La versión piloto fue realizada el 2008 en cuatro cursos de Primero Medio, correspondientes a dos colegios de la Comuna de San Bernardo. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer las percepciones de los estudiantes que participaron en el taller piloto sobre la experiencia vivida y sus sugerencias sobre posibles modificaciones al diseño, con la finalidad de generar insumos para elaborar la versión definitiva del taller. La metodología consistió en la realización de grupos focales en cada curso intervenido, centrados en la evaluación de los componentes fundamentales del taller. Los principales resultados fueron que los participantes realizaron una evaluación general positiva del taller, que les pareció acertada la metodología de trabajo grupal y que le asignaron una gran importancia al control disciplinario en las sesiones y al vínculo que establecieron con los monitores. Los aprendizajes más significativos fueron en relación a la técnica de resolución de problemas. El espacio del taller fue valorado también como instancia de comunicación y mejoría de las relaciones interpersonales en los cursos. Las principales conclusiones fueron que el taller muestra una buena aceptación por parte de los participantes, que es importante reforzar el manejo de la disciplina durante las sesiones y que se debe garantizar la calidad del vínculo con los monitores.


The study consisted of a qualitative assessment of the pilot version of the workshop “Yo Pienso, Yo Siento, Yo Actúo” (“I think, I feel, I do”). This workshop is intended to prevent depression in adolescents and is based on the cognitive-behavioral approach. The pilot version was carried out in 2008 in four classes of Primero Medio (ninth grade) in two schools of the San Bernardo borough. The objective of the study was to understand the perceptions of students who participated in the pilot workshop on their experience and their suggestions for changes to the design with the objective of generating inputs to produce the final version of the workshop. The methodology included conducting focus groups in each class involved, focusing on the evaluation of the main components of the workshop. The main results were that participants held an overall positive assessment of the workshop; they found group work methodology successful; they attributed great importance to disciplinary control during sessions and to the relationship established with the monitors. The most significant learning was related with the technique of solving problems. The workshop environment was also related as an instance of communication and improvement of interpersonal relationships within the classes. The main findings were that the workshop showed good acceptance by the participants; it is important to strengthen the management of discipline during the sessions and to ensure the quality of the relationship with the monitors.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Depression/prevention & control , Mental Health
8.
Trastor. ánimo ; 3(1): 15-29, ene.-jun. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-495957

ABSTRACT

In the field of the affective disorders, clinical experience and diverse factorial analysis studies raise the existence of a dysphoric syndrome as a different affective state, distinguible from depressive and maniac states. This syndrome could be more frequent in bipolar patients and be at the base of some of the denominated mixed forms. This discussion has been delineating a psychopathology for dysphoric states that is necessary to operationalize for research purposes. The present study has sought to create of a dysphoric syndrome screening tool for patients with affective disorders, and to explore its psychometric properties in an ambulatory mixed clinical sample of unipolar and bipolar patients. The instrument has encouraging psychometric properties. We found that some items separately, and the questionnaire as a whole, had good discriminating capacity to distinguish between unipolar and bipolar patients.


En el campo de los trastornos afectivos, la experiencia clínica y diversos estudios de análisis factorial plantean la existencia de un síndrome disfórico como un estado afectivo diferente y distinguible de los estados depresivos y maníacos. Este síndrome podría ser más frecuente en pacientes bipolares y estar a la base de algunas de las denominadas formas mixtas. Esta discusión, ha ido delineando una psicopatología del estado disfórico que es necesario operacionalizar para propósitos de investigación. El presente estudio ha buscado crear de un instrumento de screening para el síndrome disfórico en pacientes con trastornos afectivos, y explorar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra clínica mixta de pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatorios monopolares y bipolares. El instrumento posee propiedades psicométricas alentadoras. Encontramos que algunos ítems por separado, y el cuestionario en su conjunto, poseían buena capacidad discriminante para distinguir entre pacientes unipolares y bipolares.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Psychometrics , Bipolar Disorder , Surveys and Questionnaires , Affective Disorders, Psychotic
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