ABSTRACT
Noncolorectal gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are among the most frequently diagnosed cancers. Despite the undeniable progress in systemic treatments in recent decades, further improvements using cytotoxic chemotherapy seem unlikely. In this setting, recent discoveries regarding the mechanism underlying immune evasion have prompted the study of molecules capable of inducing strong antitumor responses. Thus, according to early data, immunotherapy is a very promising tool for the treatment of patients with GI malignancies. Noncolorectal GI cancers are a major public health problem worldwide. Traditional treatment options, such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, monoclonal antibodies and antiangiogenic agents, have been the backbone of treatment for various stages of GI cancers, but overall mortality remains a major problem. Thus, there is a substantial unmet need for new drugs and therapies to further improve the outcomes of treatment for noncolorectal GI malignancies. "Next-generation" immunotherapy is emerging as an effective and promising treatment option in several types of cancers. Therefore, encouraged by this recent success, many clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other strategies in treating noncolorectal GI malignancies are ongoing. This review will summarize the current clinical progress of modern immunotherapy in the field of noncolorectal GI tumors.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/therapy , Immunotherapy/methods , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Clinical Trials as Topic , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic useABSTRACT
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar um relato de caso pouco comum. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino com diagnóstico de polirradiculoneuropatia inflamatória crônica (PDIC) havia cinco anos; há um ano evoluindo com perda progressiva da visão e peso e, há cerca de seis meses, necessitou punções liquóricas de repetição para alívio de sintomas de hipertensão intracraniana, sem etiologia definida. Ao exame físico detectou-se hiperfonese de 2a bulha, hepatoesplenomegalia e hiperpigmentação da pele, principalmente da palma das mãos e planta dos pés. Foi considerada a hipótese de síndrome de POEMS, confirmada após laudo de mielograma, evidenciando predomínio de plasmócitos e presença linhagem monoclonal, com gamopatia por IgA. CONCLUSÃO: Este relato apresentou um caso de síndrome de POEMS rico em manifestações típícas e atípicaso Um dos diagnósticos diferenciais mais importantes é a polineuropatia inflamatória desmielizante crônica. A distinção entre as duas doenças foí fundamental para a adequada escolha do tratamento