Preformulation studies for the development of a microemulsion formulation from Ambrosia peruviana All, with anti-inflammatory effect

Abstract Natural products are considered an important source of the therapeutic arsenal currently available. Among these alternatives are the seeds of Ambrosia peruviana (altamisa), whose extract has shown an anti-inflammatory effect. The main objective of this work was to perform a preformulation study of Ambrosia peruviana seeds ethanolic extract, where the main factors that affect the physical, chemical, and pharmacological stability of the extract were evaluated, as well as a compatibility study by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis against different excipients. A dry extract was obtained by rotary evaporation of the seeds macerated with 96% ethanol. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring its effect on NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, stimulated with LPS. The results showed that the dry extract maintained its stability over time when stored at a temperature of 4 and 25ºC, demonstrating its biological activity, the content of phenolic compounds, and its physicochemical parameters remain practically invariable. However, when exposed to high temperatures (60 ºC) it was affected. The thermal analysis revelated that the behavior of most of the selected excipients and the dry extract was maintained, which indicates that it did not present incompatibilities, therefore they can be candidates for formulating a microemulsion.

Pterostilbeno Reduz o Estresse Oxidativo no Pulmão e no Ventrículo Direito Induzido por Infarto do Miocárdio Experimental / Pterostilbene Reduces Experimental Myocardial Infarction-Induced Oxidative Stress in Lung and Right Ventricle

Resumo Fundamento O pterostilbeno (PS), um composto polifenólico natural e antioxidante, surge como uma intervenção promissora para minimizar danos do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do PS na promoção da homeostase redox nos pulmões e no ventrículo direito (VD) de animais infartados. Métodos Ratos Wistar machos (60 dias de idade) foram randomizados em três grupos: SHAM, IAM (infarto) e IAM+PS (IAM + pterostilbeno). Sete dias após o procedimento de IAM, os ratos foram tratados com PS (100 mg/kg/dia) por gavagem por oito dias. Os animais foram depois sacrificados e os pulmões e VD foram coletados para análise do balanço redox (diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05). Resultados Nossos resultados mostram que o IAM desencadeia a interrupção redox no VD e nos pulmões, o que pode contribuir para danos induzido pelo IAM nesses órgãos. Consistentemente, o PS mitigou o estresse oxidativo e restaurou as defesas antioxidantes (Glutationa - GSH nos pulmões: SHAM = 0,79 ± 0,07; IAM = 0,67 ± 0,05; IAM + PS = 0,86 ± 0,14; p<0,05), indicando seu papel protetor neste cenário. Conclusão Nosso trabalho evidencia o potencial do uso de PS como abordagem terapêutica adjuvante após IAM para proteção dos tecidos pulmonares e cardíacos direitos.

Abstract Background Pterostilbene (PS), a natural and antioxidant polyphenolic compound emerges as a promising intervention in improving the myocardial infarction (MI) damages. Objetives This study aimed to evaluate PS actions in promoting redox homeostasis in lungs and right ventricle (RV) of infarcted animals. Methods Male Wistar rats (60 day-old) were randomized into three groups: SHAM, MI (infarcted), and MI+PS (MI+pterostilbene). Seven days after MI procedure, rats were treated with PS (100 mg/kg/day) via gavage for eight days. Animals were euthanized and the lungs and RV were harvested for analyses of redox balance (Differences were considered significant when p<0.05). Results Our results show that MI triggers a redox disruption scenario in RV and lungs, which can contribute to MI-induced damage on these organs. Consistently, PS mitigated oxidative stress and restored antioxidant defenses (GSH in lungs: SHAM= 0.79±0.07; MI=0.67±0.05; MI+PS=0.86±0.14; p<0.05), indicating its protective role in this scenario. Conclusions Our work evidences the PS potential use as an adjuvant therapeutic approach after MI focusing on protecting pulmonary and right-sided heart tissues.

Isoflavone-aglycone fraction from Glycine max: a promising raw material for isoflavone-based pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products

ABSTRACT The present work was designed to obtain a fraction containing high concentration of isoflavone-aglycones from Glycine max (L.) Merr., Fabaceae, named isoflavone enriched-fraction, from a dry extract containing isoflavones-glycosides. A simple and low cost method was proposed: extraction of isoflavone glycosides from the G. max dry extract with a proper solvent, hydrolysis of the glycosides, recovery of the aglycones, and purification of the fraction containing high isoflavone-aglycones concentration. All the extraction and purification parameters were optimized based on the isoflavones yields, which were analyzed by liquid chromatography and expressed as total isoflavone aglycones. The optimization of the process conditions was accomplished using the classical one-variable-at-a-time method. The identity and purity of the isoflavones contained in this enriched fraction were determined by LC/UV/ESI/MS analysis, Fourier transformed-infrared spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties of the isoflavone enriched-fraction were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The moisture content, particle size, equilibrium solubility and thermal and photostability were also determined. The high isoflavone-aglycone content (daidzein, 489.35 mg/g; glycitein, 251.02 mg/g and genistein, 158.96 mg/g) as well as the high purity obtained (90% of total isoflavones) make this fraction a promising novel raw material for the production of isoflavone-aglycones based pharmaceuticals or functional foods.

Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Asteraceae: development of granules from spray dried powder

Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Asteraceae, is a herbal specie widely used in folk medicine in the south of Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay. The technological characteristics of an Achyrocline satureioides spray dried extract powder, produced in semi-industrial scale, as well as the feasibility of the granules are reported in the present work. The spray dried powder was characterized as a fine powder consisting of small spherical particles with rough and porous surface. The Hausner's factor, Carr's index, and densification index of the spray dried powder were, respectively, 1,23, 18,9 percent, and 27,2 mL, characterizing it as a poor flow and low density powder. The preparation of granules from this spray dried powder, through dry disaggregation method, yielded irregularly shaped granules, with a rough surface, but with better flow and compactability characteristics. These granules presented a Hausner's factor, a Carr's index, and a densification index of, respectively, 1,09, 8,16 percent, and 12,33 mL. The LC assay of the main polyphenols, quercetin, luteolin, and 3-O-methylquercetin revealed that the granulation process did not changed the quantitative and qualitative profile of these constituents originally present in the spray dried powder. The comparative evaluation of the physical stability of both the spray dried powder and the granules, under relative humidity conditions of 65 percent and 99 percent, showed an expressive reduction in the humidity sorption on the granules as compared to the spray dried powders.

Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Asteraceae, é uma planta amplamente utilizada na medicina popular no sul do Brasil, Uruguai, Argentina e Paraguai. As características tecnológicas do extrato seco por aspersão de Achyrocline satureioides, produzido em escala semi-industrial, assim como a viabilidade da produção de granulados são relatadas no presente trabalho. O extrato seco por aspersão foi caracterizado como um pó fino, composto por pequenas partículas esféricas com superfície rugosa e porosa. O fator de Hausner, índice de Carr e o índice de densificação das partículas foram, respectivamente, 1,23, 18,9 por cento e 27,2 mL, caracterizando-o como um pó com fluxo pobre e de baixa densidade. A preparação dos granulados a partir deste extrato seco por aspersão, através do método de desagregação por via seca, originou grânulos com forma irregular, superfície rugosa, mas com melhor fluxo e melhores características de compactabilidade. Estes grânulos apresentaram fator de Hausner, índice de Carr e índice de densificação de 1,09, 8,16 por cento e 12,33 mL, respectivamente. A análise por de CLAE dos polifenóis principais quercetina, luteolina e 3-O-metilquercetina revelou que o processo de granulação não altera o perfil quantitativo e qualitativo dos constituintes inicialmente presentes no extrato seco. A avaliação da estabilidade física do extrato seco por aspersão e do granulado, em condições de unidade relativa de 65 e 99 por cento, mostrou uma expressiva redução na absorção de umidade dos grânulos quando comparados com o extrato seco.

Avaliaçao da viabilidade de compressao direta de formulaçoes contendo alto teor de produto seco nebulizado de maytenus ilicifolia / Direct compression feasibility of formulations containing high amount of maytenus ilicifolia spray dried extract

O objetivo deste trabalho foi availar a viabilidade de compressao direta de formulaçoes contendo alto dosagem de produto seco nebulizado de maytenus ilicifolia e, através de um planejamento fatorial 2(3), a influência de adjuvantees farmacêuticos sobre as caracteristicas mecânicas do produto compactado. Os fatores estudiados foram tipo de desagregante (croscarmelose sódica e glicolato de amido sódico), lubrificante (estearato de magnesio e dióxido de silício coloidal) e material de carga/aglutinante (celulose microcristalina e lactose). Foram analizados os parâmetros de compactaçao das formulaçoes e as características mecânicas dos produtos compactados. O efeito mas intenso sobre a friabilidade e o tempo de desintegraçao dos compacto foi causado pelo tipo de material de carga/aglutinante, embora con menor intensidade os demais adjuvantes tembén apresentaram efeito significativo sobre as variáveis estudadas

Desenvolvimento tecnológico de soluções extrativas de Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae), guaco / Technological development of extracts from Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae), guaco

A influência de fatores tecnológicos, como método de extração, relação droga:solvente e natureza do líquido extrator sobre o teor de resíduo seco, pH, densidade e teor de cumarina foi avaliada em soluções extrativas de Mikania glomerata Sprengel. Entre as proporções droga:solvente testadas, aquela de 1,5:10 foi selecionada, com base nos rendimentos bruto de extração (resísuo seco) e de cumarina. Na comparação entre métodos de extração, percolação e refluxo, mistura hidroetanólica 50 por cento (v/v) ou etanol 96 por cento (v/v) foram utilizados como líquidos extratores. As quatro soluções extrativas obtidas foram designadas soluções extrativas hidroetanólicas preparadas por percolação (SEHEP) ou por refluxo (SEHER) e soluções extrativas etanólicas preparadas por percolação (SEEP) ou por refluxo (SEER)...

From a medicinal plant to a pharmaceutical dosage form. A (still) long way for Brazilian medicinal plants

Phytopharmaceutical drugs play an important role in the Brazilian health system considering both economic and cultural perspectives. Pondering the richness of the Brazilian flora and the wide use of medicinal plants by the population, there should be sufficient knowledge to apply that information as a suitable starting point to transform medicinal plants into adequate industrial pharmaceutical dosage forms. Problems involving lack of organized knowledge and scientific information are not sufficiently solved to accomplish the modern drug concept, which has to consider efficacy, safety and constant quality. On basis of one of the most used medicinal plants in southern Brazil, Achyrocline satureioides, this paper presents and discusses the problems involving the transformation of medicinal plants into phytopharmaceutical drugs, showing some steps carried out by the academic milieu in order to provide answers to solve this question.