Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infection in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients: a study from tribal area of central India.

Background: AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981, in homosexual men in New York. In 1983, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was isolated from a patient with lymphadenopathy, and by 1984 it was shown that causative agent of AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major public health concerns. Because of shared routes of transmission, HIV HCV co-infection and HIV-HBV co-infection and/or both are common. HIV-positive individuals are a risk of co-infection with HBV and HCV and/or both infections. Co-infections of HBV and HCV with HIV have been associated with reduced survival, with an increased risk of progression to severe liver diseases and an increased risk of hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy. Methods: The present study was conducted duration from September 2011 to October 2013. A total of 100 AIDS patients of different age groups including 68 males and 32 females were enrolled in the study attending outdoor or admitted in wards of Department of Medicine, Dr. B. R. A. Hospital Raipur (C.G.). 50 HIV negative healthy controls are also included in the study to minimize the observer and instrumental bias. Results: In our study most common occupation of patients were 24 (24 %) labour. Most common mode of transmission was heterosexual seen in 93 (93%) of patients. The prevalence of HbsAG in HIV seen in 6 (6%) of cases .The prevalence of HCV in HIV seen in 2 (2%) of cases and all patients were male and found to be age group between 30-40 year The co-prevalence of HbsAG & HCV in HIV seen in 1 (1%) of cases and it was female patient and age group was 30 to 40 years. There is incidence of deranged liver function tests in HBsAg for S. Bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase was 6, 4, 3 and 2 patients respectively in HCV SGOT in 1 patients. The incidence of deranged liver function tests was 5 among the co-infected patients with CD4<200 compared to 2 in those with CD4>200. The mean CD4 count was 193.6 /mm. Maximum patient seen in grade 1 (88.8 %) liver enzyme elevation. Most common opportunistic infection in both HBsAG & HCV were pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusions: Prevalence of hepatotoxicity is more common in HIV patient than other & co prevalence of either HBsAG or HCV accelerates the progression of liver disease which further causing liver derangement and increase morbidity & mortality of the patients. Mild to moderate hepatotoxicity is common as compared to severe hepatotoxicity. Screening of HIV with HBsAg & HCV and early diagnosis & treatment of disease will decrease the morbidity and mortality of the patients.

Caracterização de anticorpos monoclonais contra rotavírus bovino e suas aplicações como ferramenta de diagnóstico / Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against bovine rotavirus and their diagnostic applications

Anticorpos monoclonais (AcM) para rotavírus bovino foram caracterizados para sua aplicação como ferramenta de diagnóstico, utilizando-se as técnicas de isotipificação, dot-blot, western-blot, imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) e ELISA de captura. A caracterização imunoquímica demonstrou que os cinco AcM 1G5, 4F7, 1E12, 4F3 e 3C12 foram do isótipo IgG2a. Pela técnica de dot-blot, os AcM 1G5, 4F7, 1E12, 4F3 detectaram antígenos do rotavírus, em diferentes concentrações, e dois AcM (1E12 e 4F3) reconheceram proteínas virais pela técnica de western-blot. Todos os AcM reagiram positivamente na técnica de IFI em cultivo celular e foram capazes de detectar antígeno viral em amostras fecais bovinas e humanas, pela técnica de ELISA de captura. Identificaram-se dois grupos de AcM, um deles formado pelos AcM 4F7, 1E12 e 1G5, para seu possível uso na detecção de antígeno viral em fezes por meio do ELISA de captura ou dot-blot e outro pelos 4F3 e 3C12, que podem ser usados para detectar antígeno viral em culturas de células por meio de IFI.

This work was carried out to characterize and evaluate five bovine rotavirus, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), as a diagnosis tool, by isotyping, dot-blot, western-blot, indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) and ELISA techniques. The immunochemistry characterization showed that all five MAbs (4F7, 4F3, 1G5, 1E12 and 3C12) were IgG2a isotype. The dot-blot immunoassay showed that 1G5, 4F7, 1E12 and 4F3 detected viral antigen in different concentrations and two MAbs (1E12 and 4F3) recognized viral proteins by western-blot. All MAbs detected viral antigen in bovine and human fecal samples by capture ELISA technique and viral antigen in infected MA-104 cell culture by IFI. In conclusion, two groups of Mabs were indetified: one with Mabs 4F7, 1E12 and 1G5 showed the best results to detect rotavirus antigen in fecal samples by capture ELISA or dot-blot techniques assay and other with 4F3 and 3C12 which may be used to detect rotavirus antigens in cell culture by IFI. The results showed the potential use of these MAbs as diagnosis tools in diarrheas by rotavirus in bovines.

Dimorfismo sexual en la pigmentación de la piel, color de ojos y pelo y presencia de pecas en adolescentes chilenos en dos estratos socioeconómicos / Sexual dimorphism in skin, eye and hair color and the presence of freckles in Chilean teenagers from two socioeconomic strata

BACKGROUND: The risk of skin cancer is correlated with skin colour. Pigmentation protects against the effects of UV radiation. AIM: To study skin, eyes and hair colour in Chilean teenagers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The constitutive skin, hair and eyes colour and the presence of freckles was studied in 716 teenagers (416 females) of a low socio economical level and in 307 teenagers (155 females) of a high socio economical level. RESULTS: The proportion of foreign surnames was higher in the high stratum and we only found aboriginal surnames in the low stratum. The females of the lower stratum presented lighter skin than males. This difference was not observed in the higher stratum. We did not find significant differences in the eye colour between sexes, however, adolescents from the high stratum presented lighter eye colour. Females had lighter hair colour than males in both strata, also, we found lighter hair colour in the high stratum. We did not find significant differences in the presence of freckles between strata, but, the proportion of females with freckles was higher than that of males in both strata. CONCLUSIONS: Our results may identify different groups of people, within the Chilean population, with different susceptibility to the effects of ultraviolet radiation.